Effects Internal And Competitive Benefits â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Effects Internal And Competitive Benefits? Answer: Introducation This project is mainly about increasing the security system of ABC Limited. In other words, the main aim of the project undertaken is to install new software or an intelligence setup called the competitive intelligence system (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). This method will be used by the company gather sufficient amount of information regarding the present market scenario. This competitive intelligence system will help the company to progress in various fields, like business outsourcing, customer satisfaction etc. In order to ensure that the entire project takes place properly, there has to be a proper software system installed in the system. This software system has to be checked from time to time. It also has to be ensured that the software which is being used is antivirus protected. Windows 7 has to be installed and this version of Windows 7 has to be in the latest version. This is because the competitive intelligence system is a very modern scientific concept. Hence, a natural fact , that this entire system will be based on the latest version. Not only this, but there also has to be a proper security software system. This is important because it can so happen that there are some corrupt files or virus affected files, which somehow gets into the system. This virus affected files, in turn, can damage the entire system (da Anunciao et al., 2016). Hence, this antivirus installation is of utmost importance. Next is that of data backup and data restoration system. As ABC Limited is a very well known company with its clients both in the local and the International basis, it naturally has a large number of transactions. These transactions are to be stored in form of a database. However, it is also a known fact that machines are perfect than man but there can often be some of the other errors in the machines as well. It can so happen that the entire list containing the data of all the clients and the test of the transactions get corrupt or deleted somehow (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). This will be a major problem if there is no proper backup available. So, it is of utmost importance to have a proper backup system. There also has to be a proper data restoration system installed in the company system (da Anunciao et al., 2016) Every plan needs to be properly implemented and then followed. This is one of the most important duties of an organization to keep a constant follow-up or a check on whether the employees are properly following their job roles and responsibilities (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). The project will progress the only id the employees take it seriously and carry on with their due responsibilities. So, there has to be a proper report of the projects progress that needs to be prepared and presented to the top management at every meeting. This must be done on a weekly basis so that the management is able to keep a regular follow-up on the proceedings of the project work. While a meeting is taking place, each and every important decision taking place in the meeting has to be recorded. The in detailed description of every minute must be maintained (da Anunciao et al., 2016) Proper approval has to be taken from the concerned authorities after making the project plan. The approval of the project has to take place through the higher authorities giving their signatures. Once the project plan is approved and signed by the higher authorities concerned the resources allocation for the project has to take place, followed by the segregation of the job roles and responsibilities. Dividing the task among all the workers becomes of utmost importance. The project t plan has to be seen by the project manager and then verified. The major benefits that will be available for this project are Data backup Abolishing the operation bottlenecks This project will help in getting a backup for all the important data of the company. Even if the initial record of all the stakeholders and the respective transactions gets lost, there will be an instant backup available (da Anunciao et al., 2016). This data backup system or the data restoration system is of high importance in order to avoid any undesirable malfunctioning of the system. The other advantage that will be available for this project will be that, it will help in getting rid of all the operational obstructions (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). These obstructions would otherwise hinder the smooth functioning of the organization. Some of these obstructions can be customer satisfaction issues, resource allocation, and management, lower productivity, proper cooperation and coordination among all the employees etc. Removing these bottlenecks will help in giving a boost to the overall operations of the company. KPI for the benefit of data backup KPI for data backup is that it can be used to restore back the original data in a quick, easy and error-free manner in case of an emergency or any disaster or any sort of system malfunctioning. Strategic Alignment The main purpose was, however, to use this competitive intelligence system in order to generate a strong and a very high-quality information so that there is increasing cooperation and clarity among the line managers and the different other employees that are a part of the tourism industry (da Anunciao et al., 2016). This competitive intelligence system is one of the most recent and developed aspects of the modern day science and technology that helps in generating quality information that would help the tourism sector to reach out to all the present competitors existing in the market and also give them a very tough competition (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). It will also help the tourism sector employees to develop themselves in terms of marketing, promotion, solving of the customer related issues etc. This project is mainly done with the aim of boosting up the entire operations and workings of the business organization, in order to boost up and smooth the running of the business processes and also to enhance the total sales and in turn the revenue of the company(Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). It is also expected that the company will work exactly as per the expectations of the customers, or will rather exceed them (da Anunciao et al., 2016). The company must keep this in mind that under any and every circumstance, customer satisfaction must be topping their priority list. Project planning problem The big mistake that the company made was to make a huge amount of assumptions. These assumptions were not clearly explained. Either there were some faults in the assumptions itself or the employees that were in charge of carrying out these plans were not properly trained. On other words, they lacked the proper skills that were needed to perform the tasks. There could also have been some faults in the management of the entire project when it was going on. The main requirement of this project was that it needed some very realistic suppositions. It is here that the company made the biggest mistake. It constructed a major portion of the project plan on unrealistic or absurd assumptions. Apart from this, the company was also very much backdated in terms of its technological know-how (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). It was obviously a huge fault on the part of the company that it did not upgrade itself as per the modern day requirements. Hence, they were totally unaware of the exact scientifi c technologies and the modern day knowledge that is needed for existing in the present market scenario. It is due to this lack of the right knowledge, that the company misinterpreted and copied some of the models of their present system to be implemented in future (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). This was a great blunder on the part of the company to even think that they could be able to carry forward and use their old existing system into the future without making any significant alterations or modifications to it. However, the company was lucky enough that this supposition was made right at the start of the project planning and it also turned out to be quite successful. It could also have happened just the reverse way that is this planning could have gone entirely wrong and would have turned out to be extremely hazardous for the company during the course of the project. Good project planning Division of task and division of labor are perhaps the two most important aspec6ts of any company to run its business properly. The most crucial and good decision that was taken by the company was to identify the proper standards of the company and also to recognize and implement the best practices for the company. The workload becomes much easier if it is evenly distributed among all the workers and this is what the company did. It divided the entire work into two teams (da Anunciao et al., 2016). The first team was looking at the internal affairs whereas the second was looking after the external affairs (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). The second team contained of the specialist officers and researchers who would research and suggest the best possible business practices for the company and the first team would create the interface of the project and would also look after the handling of the projects. This is also a known fact that, if a project is taking into consideration all the real world possibilities and maintain all real-world standards, then the entire work is ought to become much simpler, easy and also successful. Reference list da Anunciao, P. F., Zambon, A. C., de Jesus Andrade, F., de Sousa, C. S. S. (2016). Competitive Intelligence Competitive Intelligence: A Proposal for Value Creation through.Handbook of Research on Information Management for Effective Logistics and Supply Chains, 273. Forsgren, N., Sabherwal, R. (2015). Business Intelligence System Use as Levers of Control and Organizational Capabilities: Effects on Internal and Competitive Benefits.

Marketing Strategy and Plan Tesco Plc and Woolworths

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Strategy and Planfor Tesco Plc and Woolworths. Answer: Introduction This study is helpful to identify the marketing strategies and the marketing processes of Tesco Plc and Woolworths of Australia. Both these organisations are belonging from the retailing industry. In this connection, this study has tried to provide the competitive advantage of both the organisations. In order to identify the competitive advantage of both the organisations, the business objectives of both the organisations have mentioned. In addition, in this study the importance of Ansoff matrix would be discussed, which would be benefitted to identify the growth strategy of the organisation. On the other hand, Ansoff matrix can also identify the risk for the growth strategy of the organisation. Moreover, this study is also important to identify the reasons of theoretical analysis for the achievement of the competitive advantage of both of the organisations. Competitive Advantage in the Marketing Process of Tesco Plc Business Objective: In order to identify the competitive advantage of an organisation, it is necessary to discuss the business objectives of the company. If the organisation can achieve the proposed business objectives, then it can be stated that the organisation will be able to meet the business goal. As a result, it can be mentioned that the organisation has the competitive advantage to meet the business objectives. As per the statement of Barbera et al. (2012), it can be mentioned that Tesco plc aims to increase the sale of the organic products by the amount of 1 billion to the coming five years. Moreover, it can be mentioned that Tesco Plc has the market share of 6.5% in case of the non food business. In this context, it can be added that their target is to hold a stronger position in case of the non food production. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that Tesco Plc has tried to provide a greater organisation culture, so that the employees would like to maintain long run relationship with the or ganisation and the productivity of the organisation can be improved. According to Basili et al. (2013), it can be mentioned that the human resource management can develop a team as well as individual business objectives, personal improvement planning career planning and the performance appraisal for improving the employees commitment. Competitive Advantage: According to Bentley, Omer and Sharp (2013), it can be mentioned that economies of scale is the competitive advantage of Tesco Plc. On the other hand, Tesco Plc has the competitive advantage in case of retail lower price, higher quality and the experienced consumer service. This would be helpful for developing the profitability and the growth of the organisation. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the promotion of the Tescos corporate image is depending upon the trustworthiness and the quality (Bharadwaj et al. 2013). In addition, it can be stated that another competitive advantage of Tesco is to maintain the market leadership. Therefore, the market scope of the organisation has increased. Ansoff Matrix: Market Product Existing New Existing Market penetration Enhance the business share of grocery compared to the other retailing stores expenditure. Market development Move to the store market Expand the business in the global market New New product development Financial services development Enhance the sales of the petrol Diversification Higher risk From the above table, it can be mentioned that market penetration is required to enhance the consumer loyalty. On the other hand, it can be noticed that market development is helpful to identify the business performance in case of business expansion in the global market. Therefore, Connor and Lande (2012) mentioned that these four strategies can effectively determine the relevant strategies and the sales will be increased. As a result, it can be stated that the business risk will be reduced. Competitive Advantage in the Marketing Process of Woolworths Business objectives: In the point of Haley and Haley (2013), it can be mentioned that the objectives of Woolworths is to increase the stock returns and can optimise network effectively. The strategic objectives of Woolworths are to be a consumer centric business, to be a brand value driven organisation. In addition, it can be mentioned that Woolworths also aimed to maintain a greater profitable consumer relationship as well as also aims to lower the cost structure of the products (Iacob, Quartel and Jonkers 2012). Competitive Advantage of Woolworths: As per the statement of Klettner, Clarke and Boersma (2014), it can be mentioned that the organisation has optimised the value chain across the business in order to make higher margins. In addition, it can be mentioned that the organisation has the efficient sourcing capability (PLC, 2016). Therefore, the business performance of the organisation would be improved. In addition, to increase the profitability of the business, Woolworths has aimed to set the price of the product affordable, so that the consumers are willing to purchase the products from this organisation. Ansoff Matrix: Market Product Existing New Existing Market penetration Promoting of new products Repositioning the brands Increase the market share Market development New distribution channels Woolworths has followed several pricing policies to follow new marketing segments. New New product development Develop new and innovative techniques, which can replace the existing strategy. Diversification The horizontal diversification is important for the production programme. The vertical horizontal diversification is benefitted for the sales stage storage programme (Woolworths Online. 2016). Theoretical Analysis Tesco Plc has followed a specific strategy, which can be discussed in terms of cost leadership approach and has followed every little helps strategy to achieve the competitive advantage of the organisation. In the short run, Tesco Plc has aimed to regain the stakeholders trust as well as the consumers trust. As opined by Oestreicher-Singer and Zalmanson (2012), it can be stated that Tesco Plc. has framed a significant programming for the financial development. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that in order to achieve the competitive advantage of Tesco Plc, the organisation has launched a renewal program for restoring the trust. On the other hand, it can be added that with the help of value chain analysis, the value of the organisation would be increased and the cost would be minimised (Reich and Benbasat 2013). These key factors would be helpful to achieve the competitive advantage of the organisation. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that Woolworths has followed and launched Fresh food people campaign and Loyalty scheme for the employees. Therefore, it can be stated that the subordinates of the organisation wanted to maintain a long term relationship with the organisation (Woodard et al. 2012). The performance of the workers also increased effectively. As a result, it can be stated that the overall productivity of the organisation has also improved from the previous. On the other hand, it can be added that the business objectives can be achieved. Moreover, it can be mentioned that Woolworths has started an employee reward program, which would be helpful to enhance the employee engagement of the organisation. Hence, Verbeke (2013) mentioned that the employee loyalty would be increased and this would also significantly enhance the performance of the organisation. In this context, it can be mentioned that the raw material suppliers also willing to supply as they expect they wou ld return back their share from the business. This is how, the Woolworths has achieved the business competitive advantage by following these strategies. Conclusion This study is important to identify the marketing strategy and planning of Tesco Plc and Woolworths. In this purpose, this study has tried to highlight the business objectives of both the organisations. Therefore, based on the business objectives, both the organisations have planned to follow some specific marketing strategies to achieve the business goal. On the other hand, the competitive advantages of the organisations have been discussed in this connection. Moreover, it can be stated that in this study the Ansoff matrix of each of the organisation have mentioned in order to identify the marketing growth strategy in long run. Therefore, by following this matrix, the organisation can enhance the profitability statement to reach to the new consumers. This is also helpful for the consumer segmentation. Lastly, this study has also described the process how the organisations can achieve the competitive advantage. The organisations have followed some specific strategies to achieve this. Recommendation After analyse the business objectives and the competitive advantages of the organisations, this study can follow the SWOT analysis. In this purpose, it can be recommended that SWOT analysis will be helpful to identify the weakness and threats of the organisations. Based on these, the organisations can try to improve the performance of the business more effectively. In addition, it can be mentioned that to improve the performance, the organisations require to follow the PESTLE analysis, which can identify the political, economic, social, technological, legal and the environmental factors of the organisation. These factors are important to understand as these factors have a greater influence on the performance of an organisation. References Barbera, L., Crespo, A., Viveros, P. and Stegmaier, R., 2012. Advanced model for maintenance management in a continuous improvement cycle: integration into the business strategy.International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management,3(1), pp.47-63. Basili, V.R., Heidrich, J., Lindvall, M., Mnch, J., Regardie, M., Rombach, D., Seaman, C. and Trendowicz, A., 2013. Linking software development and business strategy through measurement.arXiv preprint arXiv:1311.6224. Bentley, K.A., Omer, T.C. and Sharp, N.Y., 2013. Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), pp.780-817. Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights.Mis Quarterly,37(2), pp.471-482. Connor, J.M. and Lande, R.H., 2012. Cartels as rational business strategy: crime pays. Haley, U.C. and Haley, G.T., 2013.Subsidies to Chinese Industry: State Capitalism, Business Strategy, and Trade Policy. Oxford University Press. Iacob, M.E., Quartel, D. and Jonkers, H., 2012, September. Capturing business strategy and value in enterprise architecture to support portfolio valuation. InEnterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), 2012 IEEE 16th International(pp. 11-20). IEEE. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Oestreicher-Singer, G. and Zalmanson, L., 2012. Content or community? A digital business strategy for content providers in the social age.A Digital Business Strategy for Content Providers in the Social Age (July 01, 2012). PLC, T. (2016).Tesco PLC Employer Salary, Average Salaries | PayScale Australia. [online] Payscale.com. Available at: https://www.payscale.com/research/AU/Employer=Tesco_PLC/Salary [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Reich, B.H. and Benbasat, I., 2013. 10 Measuring the Information SystemsBusiness Strategy Relationship.Strategic Information Management, p.265. Verbeke, A., 2013.International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Woodard, C.J., Ramasubbu, N., Tschang, F.T. and Sambamurthy, V., 2012. Design capital and design moves: the logic of digital business strategy.Forthcoming, MIS Quarterly, Special Issue on Digital Business Strategy: Toward a Next Generation of Insights. Woolworths Online. (2016).Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016].

Nozick on Distributive Justice Essay Example

Nozick on Distributive Justice Essay Justice Paper 2 -Ankur Shah Nozick says that liberty upsets patterns. Critically assess this claim. Be sure to: I. Explain what the quoted phrase means (what Nozick means by â€Å"liberty† and by â€Å"patterns†); II. Discuss how Rawls would respond to Nozick’s thesis; III. Explain whether Nozick is right that liberty upsets patterns; IV. If Nozick is right, then discuss whether such upsetting of patterns provides a sound reason for rejecting patterns, or for regulating liberty. â€Å"Liberty upsets patterns† In his book â€Å"Anarchy, state and utopia†, Nozick provides a moral defense for Libertarianism, which is traditionally defined as â€Å"the advocacy of individual  liberty, especially freedom of thought and action†. The core idea behind Nozick’s Libertarianism is the concept of â€Å"self-ownership,† which means that each individual belongs totally and entirely to himself and not to anyone else (Cohen Lecture6). Based on this concept, Nozick sets the premise for Possessive Libertarianism, in which any reduction of liberty is a violation of basic rights and that interference reduces a person’s liberty if and only if the interference is unjustified† (Cohen Lecture6). To justify his claims Nozick purports that a minimalistic state is the only form of governance that is dedicated to protecting basic rights. Furthermore, he argues against equality or any form of distributive justice because any pattern designed for distribution of goods conflicts directly with the protection of liberty, specifically the rights of self-ownership. In this paper I present Nozick’s definition of â€Å"liberty† and â€Å"pattern† and prove that based on Nozick’s conventions for these terms, liberty and pattern are incompatible. Furthermore, I explore possible counterarguments from Rawls and provide my justification for why liberty takes precedence over maintaining the pattern. What Nozick means by â€Å"liberty† and by â€Å"patterns† In order to evaluate Nozick’s claim that â€Å"liberty upsets pattern†, it is critical to understand how Nozick’s defines â€Å"liberty† and â€Å"pattern†. Nozick’s meaning of â€Å"liberty† arises from the concept of â€Å"self-ownership. In this context, an individual is entitled to their lives, their labor and by extension the fruits of their labor (Feser). So, no entity or individual can justifiably take away the end product of one’s own labor. Furthermore, the concept of self-ownership extends an individual’s capacity to do as they please with their wealth. Every individual is entitled to make their own choices, be they positive or negative, and pursue their own life plans, so long as they do not interfere with the rights of another individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Nozick on Distributive Justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nozick on Distributive Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nozick on Distributive Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This concept of Liberty is demonstrated in Nozick’s Chamberlain example, where people who came to watch have the power to invest their wealth to see Chamberlain play. In essence, liberty is one person’s right to do as they see fit with their property without interference from another. The term â€Å"pattern† arises from Nozick’s evaluation of the various systems for distribution of wealth in a society. Nozick defines a principle of distribution to be patterned if â€Å"it specifies that a distribution is to vary along with some natural dimension, weighted sum of natural dimensions, or lexicographic ordering of natural dimensions† (Nozick 156). So, if we imagine a system where wealth is distributed according to a moral compass, where more is given to the virtuous and less to the vicious. Another would be a system where wealth is divided based on the effort one puts into one’s work or one that is based on the highest level of degree or one based on the number of contributions they make to society or one where individuals with higher IQ hold more wealth (Arnold). If a system for redistribution existed to ensure any of the previous scenario’s hold true, then such a society would be â€Å"patterned† based on Nozick’s definition. Simply put, if there exists a system that enforces wealth distribution based on a set rules, then the society is patterned. How does liberty upset patterns? To illustrate the meaning behind â€Å"liberty upsets patterns,† I will closely examine the Chamberlain’s example. This example demonstrates that free exchange, which rises from the idea of self-ownership, will upset the patterned distribution. Basically, if people have the right to dispose their legitimately earned wealth as they see fit. The following outlines the Chamberlain’s logic as presented by Nozick (Pg 160-161) 1. There exists a patterned distribution D1, which is a favorite patter of non-entitlement conception of justice 2. Wilt Chamberlain, a skilled basketball player who attracts home crowds, signs a contract where 0. 25 is put apart for every home game for him 3. Since people are excited to see him play, they freely contribute 0. 25 towards Wilt Chamberlain. 4. Thus, if let’s say a million people come to watch, Chamberlain ends up with 250,000, which is more than everyone else. 5. Since the distribution D1 no longer holds, there exist a new distribution where everyone has 0. 5 less than original and Wilt Chamberlain has 250,000 more than original 6. Since, all exchanges were done with willing participants there was no injustice done in order for the new distribution to come into place, and therefore D2 is a just distribution. Now, in order to revert to D1, the wealth acquired by Chamberlain would have to be taken away and redistributed to its original form. In doing so, Chamberlainà ¢â‚¬â„¢s rights to his wealth would be violated. Similar conditions emerge if one considers someone doing overtime, or performing services in exchange for wealth outside the initial D1 distribution. Since D1 distribution cannot be maintained as long as people have the right to do what they wish with their wealth, it would become necessary to restrict people from spending wealth based on their choice. This would infringe upon the rights of individuals. It is clear that patterned society would not be able to maintain itself alongside liberty. As citizens are free to use their resources and wealth as they see fit in such a state, people with talent, or skills that are in greater demand, like Wilt Chamberlain’s talent in basketball, will be able to increase their wealth through their talent. An automatic transfer of wealth will occur towards these individuals with skills that are in demand, and thus causing the disturbance in the initial distribution. In order to restore the distribution, the government will have to redistribute the wealth which would violate the basic rights of self-ownership since wealth acquired through valid means, like Will Chamberlain’s money, would be taken away without compensation. Thus, it is impossible to redistribute wealth without infringing on the liberties which means that a liberty would necessarily upset a patterned state. Rawls and Nozick In his book, A Theory of Justice, Rawls argues for a patterned distributive justice with the belief that not knowing one’s own position in society would lead everyone to be concerned for equality. Thus, we should always be concerned about the least fortunate because we might be the least fortunate ones. This argument draws its support from the assumption that people as a whole are under veil of ignorance regarding their place in society. Based on this he presents two principles of justice, the Liberty principle and the Difference principle stated below. (Brown) 1. â€Å"Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others. † (Rawls 51) 2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both a. to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society (the difference principle) b. ffices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity (Rawls 303) In contrast for Nozick arguments are based on the self-ownership principle, according to which, the people who produce a thing have absolute right over it, as in â€Å"things come into the world already attached to people having entitlements over them† (Nozick 160). They have the right to do as they choose with their property. Based on this, Nozick derives the entitlement theory, which states 1. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in acquisition is entitled to that holding- Theory of Acquisition. . A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding- Theory of Transfer. 3. No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2- Theory of Rectification. (Nozick 151) Thus Nozick would oppose Rawls’ view that it is just to redistribute wealth as long as it benefits the least fortunate is society because the owners would not be reaping all the benefits of their labor, if some of it was taken away for the less fortunate group (Cohen Lecture 6). Rawls argument against Nozick would rest on the grounds that ownership comes about due to external influences based on social position, and can result in total lack of property among a certain group of people. Thus, without any property, they would be unable to maintain themselves and thus taxation of the wealthy to support the unfortunate is justified. Furthermore, Rawls would argue that in Nozick’s case, rights seem to have sprung forth without having principles of justice in place, and thus are invalid since Rawls views society as a system of cooperation between individuals for mutual advantage (Lacewing). Thus in Rawls’ view, people will only have rights to a part of the share based on the principles of justice in place. Does liberty really upset pattern? It is my belief that Nozick’s claim that â€Å"liberty upsets pattern† is valid. To support this claim, I rely on the fact that as long as people have the liberty to spend their resources to their whims, it is impossible to maintain the systemized pattern that will ensure distribution based on the current system. To demonstrate this claim, we consider a system where wealth is distributed equally among all its individuals. We also maintain that every individual is granted liberty, which ensures that there is no external interference that keeps people from doing as they wish with their wealth. Now, in such a society we suppose that two individuals living close together combine their wealth and build a facility to race their remote controlled (RC) cars right next to their houses, because they are RC fanatics and would get enjoyment out of this center. Attracted by the facility, many people get into the RC hobby and want to use the facility that was built. Since, the first two individuals spend their own wealth building this facility, they decide to charge other people for the use of their facility. Attracted by the growing numbers, more and more individuals get into the hobby, and start using the facility to demonstrate and race their RC cars. Now, since these individuals have the right to do as they wish with their wealth and are willing to pay for the use of the facility, they individuals who built the facility start running a net profit offsetting the cost of building and maintaining the facility. Because of this the wealth distribution shifts towards the builders of the facility. With enough profits, they decide to opt for another facility. However, since the wealth distribution is no longer equal, the system must interfere in order to redistribute the wealth to equal terms. This interference reduces the rights of the builders, since they are no longer able to build a second facility, which was through their own wealth. Thus, a very simple case demonstrates that maintaining a pattern will require constant interference, and reduction of liberty. To further illustrate the fact that pattern and liberty are incompatible, we can consider any two individuals living in this society. It is natural to assume that these individuals will have different taste, and different view on what to do with their resources or available wealth. If we consider any system, that distributes wealth based on certain systemized values and then add liberty to the equation, the system will no longer hold valid. Introducing liberty basically alters the system by adding a free element, which is outside the established pattern. Thus the pattern will collapse unless checks are placed on liberty. A direct analogy can be made to the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, where it is impossible to control a system without interfering with the system. If the pattern were equal distribution, it would be unsettled by something as simple as the choice of the first individual to save his wealth while the second individual spends his wealth on some form of entertainment. Other liberties like gambling, choices in luxury items to own, varying hobbies, and varying needs will all lead to an imbalance in the distribution. Furthermore, individuals will have the ability to sell their talents to those who would be willing to pay. These are all sources that necessarily exist with liberty and will just as surely upset any established pattern. The sole fact that people have the liberty to transfer wealth would mean that transfer of wealth will occur autonomously. This will cause the pattern to collapse upon itself unless an external force is applied to restore the balance. In order to restore and maintain the distribution, the governing entity will have to redistribute the wealth according to the pattern or take away people’s rights to spend as they wish. Both of these choices infringe upon the self-ownership rights of an individual, and thus are invalid. As long as people are free to use their resources as they wish, it is impossible to expect that a certain pattern be maintained. Thus, liberty invariably upsets any established pattern. Regulate Liberty or reject pattern? Since the above examples demonstrated that it is impossible to maintain liberty without â€Å"upsetting† the pattern, the natural course of argument is to question whether regulating liberty or rejecting pattern is the right choice. It is my belief that protecting individual liberties takes precedence over establishing a pattern, as long as every individual is provided with sustainable necessities of life. Basically, there are grounds to establish patterns to ensure a sustainable and progressive society, as long as the interference is minimal. First, I shall argue that an established pattern is detrimental to society as a whole. Let’s consider a patterned principle where wealth is distributed according to the effort that a person puts into his work. In paper such a system sounds fair and just, where the effort one puts in is rewarded by an equal amount of wealth. In this system, we consider two individuals working on the same task. Now, let us consider that because of factors like intelligence, skill, and other external influences the first individual finishes the task in an hour while the second takes 10 hours to finish the task. In such a system, the second individual is rewarded more because it took him more effort to accomplish the task that the first individual. As such the more productive member of the society, the first individual, is punished for his superior ability. It is clear that such a system would stifle progress, since people like individual A would lack the incentive to utilize their full capacity. So, it can be clearly seen that the requirement of maintaining the pattern will be detrimental to the progress of society. Let’s go even further and ignore this flaw by assuming that every individual is matched with the task that utilizes his skill in a manner that ensures equal amounts of effort. So, everyone is putting in equal effort towards their task. For such a system, a pattern of wealth distributed by effort seems to have no flaws. However, since people are free to do with their wealth as they please, some may decide to transfer their wealth to another individual because he provides entertainment that does not exist elsewhere, or another individual who comes up with a product that everyone desires. This transfer of wealth does not require one to perform a task of equal effort, but simply one that has higher demand than the other. The inherent flaw lies in the fact that certain skills are more valued than others even if they require less effort. This can be seen in an example where an individual creates a product of high value, very useful to society, through very little effort. Would this individual not be entitled to the transferred wealth, even if he put such little effort in it? Now suppose, we take away the transferred wealth to maintain the pattern, very soon there will be no incentive to innovate since there are no rewards for success. In this manner, society would become stagnant. An argument for regulation of liberty arises from the fact that allowing people to redistribute their wealth as they please, would lead to the emergence of an elite class whose skills are more in demand. Because of this demand, the distribution of wealth would shift towards the elites. This concentration of wealth and resources would give a group of individuals more power than the rest of society leading to an establishment of a polarized, unequal society with a uneven distribution of wealth. Historical evidence suggests that, without any regulation it is very often that rich become richer and the poor become poorer. In these terms, if the conditions of the poor reach below a certain threshold, (let’s call it sustainability threshold) society suffers because the environment for these individuals is no longer conducive for them being productive members of society. Their contribution will be limited by their need for providing basic necessities for existence. In this manner, the overall productivity of society will be lowered. Thus it is necessary to establish some pattern of redistribution of wealth to ensure that every individual has the basic necessities to sustain themselves, in order to create a most productive society. Final comments In regards to setting the levels for sustainability is something beyond the scope of this essay, and perhaps beyond the scope of society as a whole. My personal belief is that this threshold wavers based on external factors, but maintains an overall upwards trend. Finally, though Philosophers like Rawls and Nozick seem to have justified a system that works, I do not yet see reconciliation between Liberty and Equality within any of these principles. Perhaps the search is as elusive as the unifying theory of physics, but mostly insignificant in the daily workings of life. Word count: 3117 Works Cited Arnold, Scott. Nozick. n. d. 2010 June . Brown, Lachlan. The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 October 2003. June 2010 . Feser, Edward. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. 4 May 2005. June 2010 . Lacewing, Michael. Rawls and Nozick of Justice. n. d. June 2010 . Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974. Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Belknap, 1971.

Shock Art essays

Shock Art essays How has art that has shocked, influenced the views of the public and the art establishment, through the centuries? Art which has shocked has always been a controversial topic, because it commands a response, whether the spectator be affected with shock, daze, or surprise, this as a result has influenced the views of society through the ages. I have chosen to study the above subject matter as it is a topic in which I have experienced in my life time already and therefore is a topic I can broach, analyse and be influenced by. Many of the artists that I have chosen to analysis were outcasts amongst peers, whilst some were and are icons of their own movements; however whatever their status many of them were met with controversy as their ideas were seen as distasteful and disagreeable by the public, rather than radical and inspirational. I intend to analyse the work of artists who have shocked throughout the timeline, from when social barriers were high and restricting in the period of Fauvism and Picasso, pending through the centuries finishing with modern artists today and the relative freedom which they now express. The aim is to find conclusive evidence to firstly answer the title of the investigation, and secondly to understand the true concept of shock, how it is created, the motives behind its creation and what factors influence the artist. So from the Fauvists to Jake and Dinos Chapman I welcome you to follow the long line of trend makers who have rocked the art establishment over the centuries. ...

Why did Scott J suggest that search orders had a draconian and Essay

Why did Scott J suggest that search orders had a draconian and essentially unfair nature Columbia Picture Industries Inc - Essay Example The order was executed at the same time with the police search warrant. The court rules unanimously that the action was not a to contravention human rights laws. However, Scott argues that search orders represent a â€Å"draconian and essentially unfair nature†. The doctrine of Anton Piller is one of the most controversial of laws regarding underlying search and entry. Of particular interests is to understand the premises that inform Scott’s stand. Unraveling the â€Å"draconian and essentially unfair nature† of the Search order In labeling the search order as â€Å"draconian and essentially unfair nature†, one would not miss the point in inferring that Scott felt the orders were far from being justified. Thus, in seeking the premise in which Scott’s stand rests, the question of how unjustified the order was is imperative. Indeed, such a question leads to various sound arguments against the search orders. In particular, it can be inferred that searc h orders, in all their forms, are generally draconian owing to their nature of lacking adherence to the laws and statutes that protect human rights. Additionally, the Piller principle and other associated principles, such as ex parte, also go against the laws of equitable remedies.... As such, the court may make utilize injunctions, which creates that allowance for inspection of property and conducting searches. Another term is interim injunction. An interim injunction is an order from the court prohibiting a person in a civil suit from doing or compelling to do something and this is in order to maintain the status quo. Indeed, the premises for the ruling may be considered as those consistent with those in the Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd3, wherein it was upheld that the court has the powers to injunct a person from meddling with what is deemed evidence in order to maintain the status quo prior to the issue going to trial. It cannot be disputed that the goals of the provisions are well set. However, they can barely dispel one crucial question ­ --- what is then the place of fundamental human rights? Whereas it could be inferred that the court decision was began as a noble means of ensuring justice through interim injunctions, it mutated to beco me a tool for the abuse of human rights due to most of the order being issued ex parte4. An order issued ex parte is a breach to the stipulations that underlie the bill of rights. Here, Anton Piller law is deemed to be one of the most Draconian of laws since it creates the allowance to acknowledge that the right to privacy, one of the fundamental rights, was breached. The debate on the human rights aspect of the law is however two fold since its contravention of one seems to promote the observance of the other. Article eight of the human rights convention asserts that everyone has the right to respect to his private and family life5. As clearly set in Chapter 8 of the convention, every person is entitled to

New Technology that Could Substantially Improve the Output of the Essay

New Technology that Could Substantially Improve the Output of the Bio-Fuels - Essay Example While, solar energy seems to be new, but it is also being in utilization for many years for drying food products and heating water. Biofuel is such type of fuel that can be attained from living organisms. In this way, the energy stored and wasted by the living organisms can be utilized to attain energy. Living organisms both store and waste energy, like the tree and plants store energy in their stems that can be burnt to extract energy, in the similar way, mammals, birds and other animals can provide undigested food that could be utilized to extract energy by going through a certain process. The energy in the undigested food waste can be extracted in two ways; first methods is to dry the undigested food waste and then burn it to extract energy content of the waste and the second method is to biodegrade the waste and then capture the biogas evolved in the process. This paper assembles the different technologies that can enhance the output of the bio-fuels (Emma, np). Different types o f bio-fuels have to be processed differently and thus a different biofuel is obtained. The different types of bio-fuels that involve technology are biodiesel, bio-ethanol and biogas. Bio-ethanol is attained after the fermentation of such foods and food products that have a higher content of sugar, like sugar cane, corn, switch grass, etc. However, any biotic oil could have the potential to become biodiesel by undergoing a simple process that involve first heating and filtering the oil, then treating the oil with the methanol and then washing and drying (Blair, np). Washing and drying may utilize different chemicals like hydroxides, etc. Biogas is extracted through the bio-digest plant that digests the waste food or animal waste utilizing certain type of microorganisms and bacteria to eat up the wastes and generate biogas. Biogas is mostly methane gas; however, some content of sulphur oxides are also present in the gas. The important factor of the bio-digest plant is that the waster from the plant can be utilized as the fertilizers. The plant could be as small as to support a small house or could be as big as to supply fuel for a bigger power generation unit. The advances in all the bio-fuels technologies change the perspective of inputs to the fuel generation plant. For example, for a biogas generation system animal waste is the primary component, however, the technology made a possibility to utilizing any bio waste to generate bio gas. In the similar way, corn starch is the primary components of the bio-ethanol generation system but advancement in the technology made it possible to extract the ethanol from other food sources like switch grass and other plant waste. The advance technology enhanced the possibility of the bio-fuels to be utilized in a more appropriate manner and have major other application, like bio-aviation fuel, high efficiency bio-fuels, etc. The advanced bio-fuels may utilize food and bio wastes, agricultural residue, forestry residue (wood y biomass, etc), crops and non-food feed stocks. The major issue is to increase the sustainability of the bio-fuels and second generation bio-fuels generation are more sustainable as compared to the first generation bio-fuels. However, the product form the second generation

Practical research assignment report outline Literature review

Practical research assignment report outline - Literature review Example Today there are more than 10 million possums in Northland alone (Northland Regional Council, 2014). The population has increased mostly owing to the non-existence of any natural predators of this pest. Studies have been done to understand the impact of possum infestation and fecal analysis of the pests has shown evidence of bird predation especially native forest birds. Possums are a major threat to local birds such as the kokako and kukupa (Landcare Research, 2014). Possums are also a major threat to the vegetation of New Zealand. It is estimated that possums feed on almost 21,000 tons of vegetation every single day (Landcare Research, 2014). Stoats are members of the Mustelid family which also includes weasels and ferrets. By 1880, New Zealand, had already suffered problems from harmful pests such as rabbits and hares. Stoats were imported from Britain and introduced in New Zealand as biological control for rabbits. Today, stoats are widespread in most parts of New Zealand and have themselves become mammalian pests. They are extremely adaptable to any living conditions where they may find food (Dept. Of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai, 2014). Stoats are a major concern since they are a natural predator of several native birds of New Zealand such as the bush canary (yellow head) and kaka. They not only destroy the nests of the birds but also feed on their eggs and nestlings. This has led to sharp decline in the population of these forest birds. In New Zealand three kinds of rats- the common rat, Pacific rat and kiore rat have been introduced. Kiore rats were introduced by the Maori as source of food. However today, rats pose a major threat to the biodiversity of New Zealand since they feed on birds, bird eggs and other small invertebrates such as lizards. Use of chemicals to manage pests has been proved to be efficient. In 2011, an efficient and humane toxicant Para-aminopropiophenone was introduced. This