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Essay on Food Addiction in America - 1499 Words

Addiction is a dependence on a substance in which the affected individual feels powerless to stop. Millions of Americans have addictions to drugs, alcohol, nicotine, and even to behaviors such as compulsive gambling and shopping. Recent studies suggest that millions of Americans are addicted to food, as well. An average American is bombarded daily with random propaganda to try to sell what some would consider perfection. Most American citizens try to emulate those fictional characters in celebrity magazines. The truth is a lot of those pictures are air-brushed and some of the individuals have had extensive cosmetic surgery and other medical procedures done to look that way. This media manipulation is the main cause for the many†¦show more content†¦Self-esteem is reliant upon body shape and weight. Physical implications may include disruption of the menstrual cycle also known as amenorrhea, signs of starvation, thinning of hair or hair loss, bloated, yellowish palms/soles of feet, dry and pasty skin. The risks that people take while indulging in anorexia can also become physiologically and mentally damaging. There are several effective treatments. One of which is hospitalization, this occurs when the weight loss is greater than 30% in 3 months time. Some other effects to be taken into consideration when hospitalizing a patient are the risk of suicide and depression, severe binging and purging, and serious metabolic disturbance. Therapy and counseling is used to help the patients with depression and family complications that may have led to the state they’re in. Clinical studies have not yet identified a medication that could improve the core symptoms of anorexia. Bulimia Nervosa is the diet-binge-purge cycle. It is an illness that is mostly found in young females. This cycle involves a strict diet, uncontrollable eating and then unhealthy strategies to get rid of the food and therefore the guilt. This addictive eating disorder is based on guilt. The individual tends to under-consume and thereby becoming very hungry. Once the individual gives in and allows one’s self to eat, the person begins to over-eat. After finishing the large quantities of food, the individual begins to feel immenseShow MoreRelatedAddiction: drugs vs. food1632 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Armstead Sociology 1301 11/23/13 Addiction: Food vs. Drugs Millions of people suffer from an addiction of some sort. A person can actually suffer from addictions to all sorts of things. It’s sad to say the first thing that comes to the minds of pretty much everyone when they hear the word addiction, is drugs. Controversy is at an uproar over whether or not food is addictive. As a matter of fact, food is the last thing on a person’s mind when addiction comes about. Though it’s hard to believeRead MoreFast Food is Killing Americans Essay629 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica is one of the largest countries in the world, and the population is one of the largest also; but not in numbers, unless those numbers are on a scale and coincide with the amount of excess fat that is on the average American. In asking why Americans are so overweight, the fast food industry is not to blame entirely. Although Americans consume more fast food than any other nation and the mass of the population reflects this fact, no one is forcing anyone to eat fast food. Americans eat soRead MorePersuasive Essay On Junk Food1138 Words   |  5 PagesAs a nation, Americans revel in the consumption of junk food. These extremely unhealthy foods are often present during many various occasions, such as sports events, movies, and parties. When a person craves a quick snack, junk food is the ideal solution. 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Many clinical websites were established by doctors to inform people about the risk factors of obesity and how to treat obesity. There are manyRead MoreNegative Effects On Junk Food911 Words   |  4 Pagesincome a year on fast food†? (Johns 2). There are certain ingredients in junk food and fast food that keep people coming back for more. Although junk food is not as addictive as alcohol and drugs, it certainly has similar effects on the brain, which has brought scientists to the conclusion that most junk food has addictive properties. It is so easy these days to go to the store and buy cheap junk food, but knowing the negative outcomes m ay have people reconsider their food options. Gaining more knowledgeRead MoreThe Drug Of The Pharmaceutical Industry1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe birth of pharmaceutical industry has increased the longevity of our lives in society and eradicated diseases such as chicken pox and hives, but has created an addiction to prescription drugs in America. The concept of prescription has made society to believe that taking pharmaceutical drugs comes without a consequence. Though these drugs come with consequence, the positive effects of the pharmaceutical industry helped eradicate diseases that would be a potential threat to our lively hood in today’sRead MoreFast Food Addiction Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagessurface of America’s love affair with fast foods, research finds some revealing manifestations that are propelling increasing obesity rates and are thus pushing us toward a growing health epidemic. The increasingly busy lifestyles of our society along with our overrelianc e on processed and pre-packaged foods are driving the multi-billion dollar food industry today. The food industries strategy to optimize profits through mass produced and processed foods is creating physically addictive productsRead MoreCause and Effect of Pornography797 Words   |  4 PagesRebecca Coleman The Cause and Effect of Pornography â€Å"Pornography is a multi-billion industry so powerful it drives the direction of much media technology.† (Jensen, 2007) The annual revenue in pornography business is $12 billion here in America and $57 billion worldwide. According to the reports every second more than 28 thousand-Internet users are viewing pornography and typically do it during working days. Although it is impossible to deny pornography in economic force, Jensen stated that

Effects Internal And Competitive Benefits â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Effects Internal And Competitive Benefits? Answer: Introducation This project is mainly about increasing the security system of ABC Limited. In other words, the main aim of the project undertaken is to install new software or an intelligence setup called the competitive intelligence system (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). This method will be used by the company gather sufficient amount of information regarding the present market scenario. This competitive intelligence system will help the company to progress in various fields, like business outsourcing, customer satisfaction etc. In order to ensure that the entire project takes place properly, there has to be a proper software system installed in the system. This software system has to be checked from time to time. It also has to be ensured that the software which is being used is antivirus protected. Windows 7 has to be installed and this version of Windows 7 has to be in the latest version. This is because the competitive intelligence system is a very modern scientific concept. Hence, a natural fact , that this entire system will be based on the latest version. Not only this, but there also has to be a proper security software system. This is important because it can so happen that there are some corrupt files or virus affected files, which somehow gets into the system. This virus affected files, in turn, can damage the entire system (da Anunciao et al., 2016). Hence, this antivirus installation is of utmost importance. Next is that of data backup and data restoration system. As ABC Limited is a very well known company with its clients both in the local and the International basis, it naturally has a large number of transactions. These transactions are to be stored in form of a database. However, it is also a known fact that machines are perfect than man but there can often be some of the other errors in the machines as well. It can so happen that the entire list containing the data of all the clients and the test of the transactions get corrupt or deleted somehow (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). This will be a major problem if there is no proper backup available. So, it is of utmost importance to have a proper backup system. There also has to be a proper data restoration system installed in the company system (da Anunciao et al., 2016) Every plan needs to be properly implemented and then followed. This is one of the most important duties of an organization to keep a constant follow-up or a check on whether the employees are properly following their job roles and responsibilities (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). The project will progress the only id the employees take it seriously and carry on with their due responsibilities. So, there has to be a proper report of the projects progress that needs to be prepared and presented to the top management at every meeting. This must be done on a weekly basis so that the management is able to keep a regular follow-up on the proceedings of the project work. While a meeting is taking place, each and every important decision taking place in the meeting has to be recorded. The in detailed description of every minute must be maintained (da Anunciao et al., 2016) Proper approval has to be taken from the concerned authorities after making the project plan. The approval of the project has to take place through the higher authorities giving their signatures. Once the project plan is approved and signed by the higher authorities concerned the resources allocation for the project has to take place, followed by the segregation of the job roles and responsibilities. Dividing the task among all the workers becomes of utmost importance. The project t plan has to be seen by the project manager and then verified. The major benefits that will be available for this project are Data backup Abolishing the operation bottlenecks This project will help in getting a backup for all the important data of the company. Even if the initial record of all the stakeholders and the respective transactions gets lost, there will be an instant backup available (da Anunciao et al., 2016). This data backup system or the data restoration system is of high importance in order to avoid any undesirable malfunctioning of the system. The other advantage that will be available for this project will be that, it will help in getting rid of all the operational obstructions (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). These obstructions would otherwise hinder the smooth functioning of the organization. Some of these obstructions can be customer satisfaction issues, resource allocation, and management, lower productivity, proper cooperation and coordination among all the employees etc. Removing these bottlenecks will help in giving a boost to the overall operations of the company. KPI for the benefit of data backup KPI for data backup is that it can be used to restore back the original data in a quick, easy and error-free manner in case of an emergency or any disaster or any sort of system malfunctioning. Strategic Alignment The main purpose was, however, to use this competitive intelligence system in order to generate a strong and a very high-quality information so that there is increasing cooperation and clarity among the line managers and the different other employees that are a part of the tourism industry (da Anunciao et al., 2016). This competitive intelligence system is one of the most recent and developed aspects of the modern day science and technology that helps in generating quality information that would help the tourism sector to reach out to all the present competitors existing in the market and also give them a very tough competition (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). It will also help the tourism sector employees to develop themselves in terms of marketing, promotion, solving of the customer related issues etc. This project is mainly done with the aim of boosting up the entire operations and workings of the business organization, in order to boost up and smooth the running of the business processes and also to enhance the total sales and in turn the revenue of the company(Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). It is also expected that the company will work exactly as per the expectations of the customers, or will rather exceed them (da Anunciao et al., 2016). The company must keep this in mind that under any and every circumstance, customer satisfaction must be topping their priority list. Project planning problem The big mistake that the company made was to make a huge amount of assumptions. These assumptions were not clearly explained. Either there were some faults in the assumptions itself or the employees that were in charge of carrying out these plans were not properly trained. On other words, they lacked the proper skills that were needed to perform the tasks. There could also have been some faults in the management of the entire project when it was going on. The main requirement of this project was that it needed some very realistic suppositions. It is here that the company made the biggest mistake. It constructed a major portion of the project plan on unrealistic or absurd assumptions. Apart from this, the company was also very much backdated in terms of its technological know-how (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). It was obviously a huge fault on the part of the company that it did not upgrade itself as per the modern day requirements. Hence, they were totally unaware of the exact scientifi c technologies and the modern day knowledge that is needed for existing in the present market scenario. It is due to this lack of the right knowledge, that the company misinterpreted and copied some of the models of their present system to be implemented in future (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). This was a great blunder on the part of the company to even think that they could be able to carry forward and use their old existing system into the future without making any significant alterations or modifications to it. However, the company was lucky enough that this supposition was made right at the start of the project planning and it also turned out to be quite successful. It could also have happened just the reverse way that is this planning could have gone entirely wrong and would have turned out to be extremely hazardous for the company during the course of the project. Good project planning Division of task and division of labor are perhaps the two most important aspec6ts of any company to run its business properly. The most crucial and good decision that was taken by the company was to identify the proper standards of the company and also to recognize and implement the best practices for the company. The workload becomes much easier if it is evenly distributed among all the workers and this is what the company did. It divided the entire work into two teams (da Anunciao et al., 2016). The first team was looking at the internal affairs whereas the second was looking after the external affairs (Forsgren Sabherwal, 2015). The second team contained of the specialist officers and researchers who would research and suggest the best possible business practices for the company and the first team would create the interface of the project and would also look after the handling of the projects. This is also a known fact that, if a project is taking into consideration all the real world possibilities and maintain all real-world standards, then the entire work is ought to become much simpler, easy and also successful. Reference list da Anunciao, P. F., Zambon, A. C., de Jesus Andrade, F., de Sousa, C. S. S. (2016). Competitive Intelligence Competitive Intelligence: A Proposal for Value Creation through.Handbook of Research on Information Management for Effective Logistics and Supply Chains, 273. Forsgren, N., Sabherwal, R. (2015). Business Intelligence System Use as Levers of Control and Organizational Capabilities: Effects on Internal and Competitive Benefits.

Marketing Strategy and Plan Tesco Plc and Woolworths

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Strategy and Planfor Tesco Plc and Woolworths. Answer: Introduction This study is helpful to identify the marketing strategies and the marketing processes of Tesco Plc and Woolworths of Australia. Both these organisations are belonging from the retailing industry. In this connection, this study has tried to provide the competitive advantage of both the organisations. In order to identify the competitive advantage of both the organisations, the business objectives of both the organisations have mentioned. In addition, in this study the importance of Ansoff matrix would be discussed, which would be benefitted to identify the growth strategy of the organisation. On the other hand, Ansoff matrix can also identify the risk for the growth strategy of the organisation. Moreover, this study is also important to identify the reasons of theoretical analysis for the achievement of the competitive advantage of both of the organisations. Competitive Advantage in the Marketing Process of Tesco Plc Business Objective: In order to identify the competitive advantage of an organisation, it is necessary to discuss the business objectives of the company. If the organisation can achieve the proposed business objectives, then it can be stated that the organisation will be able to meet the business goal. As a result, it can be mentioned that the organisation has the competitive advantage to meet the business objectives. As per the statement of Barbera et al. (2012), it can be mentioned that Tesco plc aims to increase the sale of the organic products by the amount of 1 billion to the coming five years. Moreover, it can be mentioned that Tesco Plc has the market share of 6.5% in case of the non food business. In this context, it can be added that their target is to hold a stronger position in case of the non food production. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that Tesco Plc has tried to provide a greater organisation culture, so that the employees would like to maintain long run relationship with the or ganisation and the productivity of the organisation can be improved. According to Basili et al. (2013), it can be mentioned that the human resource management can develop a team as well as individual business objectives, personal improvement planning career planning and the performance appraisal for improving the employees commitment. Competitive Advantage: According to Bentley, Omer and Sharp (2013), it can be mentioned that economies of scale is the competitive advantage of Tesco Plc. On the other hand, Tesco Plc has the competitive advantage in case of retail lower price, higher quality and the experienced consumer service. This would be helpful for developing the profitability and the growth of the organisation. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the promotion of the Tescos corporate image is depending upon the trustworthiness and the quality (Bharadwaj et al. 2013). In addition, it can be stated that another competitive advantage of Tesco is to maintain the market leadership. Therefore, the market scope of the organisation has increased. Ansoff Matrix: Market Product Existing New Existing Market penetration Enhance the business share of grocery compared to the other retailing stores expenditure. Market development Move to the store market Expand the business in the global market New New product development Financial services development Enhance the sales of the petrol Diversification Higher risk From the above table, it can be mentioned that market penetration is required to enhance the consumer loyalty. On the other hand, it can be noticed that market development is helpful to identify the business performance in case of business expansion in the global market. Therefore, Connor and Lande (2012) mentioned that these four strategies can effectively determine the relevant strategies and the sales will be increased. As a result, it can be stated that the business risk will be reduced. Competitive Advantage in the Marketing Process of Woolworths Business objectives: In the point of Haley and Haley (2013), it can be mentioned that the objectives of Woolworths is to increase the stock returns and can optimise network effectively. The strategic objectives of Woolworths are to be a consumer centric business, to be a brand value driven organisation. In addition, it can be mentioned that Woolworths also aimed to maintain a greater profitable consumer relationship as well as also aims to lower the cost structure of the products (Iacob, Quartel and Jonkers 2012). Competitive Advantage of Woolworths: As per the statement of Klettner, Clarke and Boersma (2014), it can be mentioned that the organisation has optimised the value chain across the business in order to make higher margins. In addition, it can be mentioned that the organisation has the efficient sourcing capability (PLC, 2016). Therefore, the business performance of the organisation would be improved. In addition, to increase the profitability of the business, Woolworths has aimed to set the price of the product affordable, so that the consumers are willing to purchase the products from this organisation. Ansoff Matrix: Market Product Existing New Existing Market penetration Promoting of new products Repositioning the brands Increase the market share Market development New distribution channels Woolworths has followed several pricing policies to follow new marketing segments. New New product development Develop new and innovative techniques, which can replace the existing strategy. Diversification The horizontal diversification is important for the production programme. The vertical horizontal diversification is benefitted for the sales stage storage programme (Woolworths Online. 2016). Theoretical Analysis Tesco Plc has followed a specific strategy, which can be discussed in terms of cost leadership approach and has followed every little helps strategy to achieve the competitive advantage of the organisation. In the short run, Tesco Plc has aimed to regain the stakeholders trust as well as the consumers trust. As opined by Oestreicher-Singer and Zalmanson (2012), it can be stated that Tesco Plc. has framed a significant programming for the financial development. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that in order to achieve the competitive advantage of Tesco Plc, the organisation has launched a renewal program for restoring the trust. On the other hand, it can be added that with the help of value chain analysis, the value of the organisation would be increased and the cost would be minimised (Reich and Benbasat 2013). These key factors would be helpful to achieve the competitive advantage of the organisation. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that Woolworths has followed and launched Fresh food people campaign and Loyalty scheme for the employees. Therefore, it can be stated that the subordinates of the organisation wanted to maintain a long term relationship with the organisation (Woodard et al. 2012). The performance of the workers also increased effectively. As a result, it can be stated that the overall productivity of the organisation has also improved from the previous. On the other hand, it can be added that the business objectives can be achieved. Moreover, it can be mentioned that Woolworths has started an employee reward program, which would be helpful to enhance the employee engagement of the organisation. Hence, Verbeke (2013) mentioned that the employee loyalty would be increased and this would also significantly enhance the performance of the organisation. In this context, it can be mentioned that the raw material suppliers also willing to supply as they expect they wou ld return back their share from the business. This is how, the Woolworths has achieved the business competitive advantage by following these strategies. Conclusion This study is important to identify the marketing strategy and planning of Tesco Plc and Woolworths. In this purpose, this study has tried to highlight the business objectives of both the organisations. Therefore, based on the business objectives, both the organisations have planned to follow some specific marketing strategies to achieve the business goal. On the other hand, the competitive advantages of the organisations have been discussed in this connection. Moreover, it can be stated that in this study the Ansoff matrix of each of the organisation have mentioned in order to identify the marketing growth strategy in long run. Therefore, by following this matrix, the organisation can enhance the profitability statement to reach to the new consumers. This is also helpful for the consumer segmentation. Lastly, this study has also described the process how the organisations can achieve the competitive advantage. The organisations have followed some specific strategies to achieve this. Recommendation After analyse the business objectives and the competitive advantages of the organisations, this study can follow the SWOT analysis. In this purpose, it can be recommended that SWOT analysis will be helpful to identify the weakness and threats of the organisations. Based on these, the organisations can try to improve the performance of the business more effectively. In addition, it can be mentioned that to improve the performance, the organisations require to follow the PESTLE analysis, which can identify the political, economic, social, technological, legal and the environmental factors of the organisation. These factors are important to understand as these factors have a greater influence on the performance of an organisation. References Barbera, L., Crespo, A., Viveros, P. and Stegmaier, R., 2012. Advanced model for maintenance management in a continuous improvement cycle: integration into the business strategy.International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management,3(1), pp.47-63. Basili, V.R., Heidrich, J., Lindvall, M., Mnch, J., Regardie, M., Rombach, D., Seaman, C. and Trendowicz, A., 2013. Linking software development and business strategy through measurement.arXiv preprint arXiv:1311.6224. Bentley, K.A., Omer, T.C. and Sharp, N.Y., 2013. Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), pp.780-817. Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights.Mis Quarterly,37(2), pp.471-482. Connor, J.M. and Lande, R.H., 2012. Cartels as rational business strategy: crime pays. Haley, U.C. and Haley, G.T., 2013.Subsidies to Chinese Industry: State Capitalism, Business Strategy, and Trade Policy. Oxford University Press. Iacob, M.E., Quartel, D. and Jonkers, H., 2012, September. Capturing business strategy and value in enterprise architecture to support portfolio valuation. InEnterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), 2012 IEEE 16th International(pp. 11-20). IEEE. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Oestreicher-Singer, G. and Zalmanson, L., 2012. Content or community? A digital business strategy for content providers in the social age.A Digital Business Strategy for Content Providers in the Social Age (July 01, 2012). PLC, T. (2016).Tesco PLC Employer Salary, Average Salaries | PayScale Australia. [online] Payscale.com. Available at: https://www.payscale.com/research/AU/Employer=Tesco_PLC/Salary [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Reich, B.H. and Benbasat, I., 2013. 10 Measuring the Information SystemsBusiness Strategy Relationship.Strategic Information Management, p.265. Verbeke, A., 2013.International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Woodard, C.J., Ramasubbu, N., Tschang, F.T. and Sambamurthy, V., 2012. Design capital and design moves: the logic of digital business strategy.Forthcoming, MIS Quarterly, Special Issue on Digital Business Strategy: Toward a Next Generation of Insights. Woolworths Online. (2016).Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016].

Nozick on Distributive Justice Essay Example

Nozick on Distributive Justice Essay Justice Paper 2 -Ankur Shah Nozick says that liberty upsets patterns. Critically assess this claim. Be sure to: I. Explain what the quoted phrase means (what Nozick means by â€Å"liberty† and by â€Å"patterns†); II. Discuss how Rawls would respond to Nozick’s thesis; III. Explain whether Nozick is right that liberty upsets patterns; IV. If Nozick is right, then discuss whether such upsetting of patterns provides a sound reason for rejecting patterns, or for regulating liberty. â€Å"Liberty upsets patterns† In his book â€Å"Anarchy, state and utopia†, Nozick provides a moral defense for Libertarianism, which is traditionally defined as â€Å"the advocacy of individual  liberty, especially freedom of thought and action†. The core idea behind Nozick’s Libertarianism is the concept of â€Å"self-ownership,† which means that each individual belongs totally and entirely to himself and not to anyone else (Cohen Lecture6). Based on this concept, Nozick sets the premise for Possessive Libertarianism, in which any reduction of liberty is a violation of basic rights and that interference reduces a person’s liberty if and only if the interference is unjustified† (Cohen Lecture6). To justify his claims Nozick purports that a minimalistic state is the only form of governance that is dedicated to protecting basic rights. Furthermore, he argues against equality or any form of distributive justice because any pattern designed for distribution of goods conflicts directly with the protection of liberty, specifically the rights of self-ownership. In this paper I present Nozick’s definition of â€Å"liberty† and â€Å"pattern† and prove that based on Nozick’s conventions for these terms, liberty and pattern are incompatible. Furthermore, I explore possible counterarguments from Rawls and provide my justification for why liberty takes precedence over maintaining the pattern. What Nozick means by â€Å"liberty† and by â€Å"patterns† In order to evaluate Nozick’s claim that â€Å"liberty upsets pattern†, it is critical to understand how Nozick’s defines â€Å"liberty† and â€Å"pattern†. Nozick’s meaning of â€Å"liberty† arises from the concept of â€Å"self-ownership. In this context, an individual is entitled to their lives, their labor and by extension the fruits of their labor (Feser). So, no entity or individual can justifiably take away the end product of one’s own labor. Furthermore, the concept of self-ownership extends an individual’s capacity to do as they please with their wealth. Every individual is entitled to make their own choices, be they positive or negative, and pursue their own life plans, so long as they do not interfere with the rights of another individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Nozick on Distributive Justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nozick on Distributive Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nozick on Distributive Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This concept of Liberty is demonstrated in Nozick’s Chamberlain example, where people who came to watch have the power to invest their wealth to see Chamberlain play. In essence, liberty is one person’s right to do as they see fit with their property without interference from another. The term â€Å"pattern† arises from Nozick’s evaluation of the various systems for distribution of wealth in a society. Nozick defines a principle of distribution to be patterned if â€Å"it specifies that a distribution is to vary along with some natural dimension, weighted sum of natural dimensions, or lexicographic ordering of natural dimensions† (Nozick 156). So, if we imagine a system where wealth is distributed according to a moral compass, where more is given to the virtuous and less to the vicious. Another would be a system where wealth is divided based on the effort one puts into one’s work or one that is based on the highest level of degree or one based on the number of contributions they make to society or one where individuals with higher IQ hold more wealth (Arnold). If a system for redistribution existed to ensure any of the previous scenario’s hold true, then such a society would be â€Å"patterned† based on Nozick’s definition. Simply put, if there exists a system that enforces wealth distribution based on a set rules, then the society is patterned. How does liberty upset patterns? To illustrate the meaning behind â€Å"liberty upsets patterns,† I will closely examine the Chamberlain’s example. This example demonstrates that free exchange, which rises from the idea of self-ownership, will upset the patterned distribution. Basically, if people have the right to dispose their legitimately earned wealth as they see fit. The following outlines the Chamberlain’s logic as presented by Nozick (Pg 160-161) 1. There exists a patterned distribution D1, which is a favorite patter of non-entitlement conception of justice 2. Wilt Chamberlain, a skilled basketball player who attracts home crowds, signs a contract where 0. 25 is put apart for every home game for him 3. Since people are excited to see him play, they freely contribute 0. 25 towards Wilt Chamberlain. 4. Thus, if let’s say a million people come to watch, Chamberlain ends up with 250,000, which is more than everyone else. 5. Since the distribution D1 no longer holds, there exist a new distribution where everyone has 0. 5 less than original and Wilt Chamberlain has 250,000 more than original 6. Since, all exchanges were done with willing participants there was no injustice done in order for the new distribution to come into place, and therefore D2 is a just distribution. Now, in order to revert to D1, the wealth acquired by Chamberlain would have to be taken away and redistributed to its original form. In doing so, Chamberlainà ¢â‚¬â„¢s rights to his wealth would be violated. Similar conditions emerge if one considers someone doing overtime, or performing services in exchange for wealth outside the initial D1 distribution. Since D1 distribution cannot be maintained as long as people have the right to do what they wish with their wealth, it would become necessary to restrict people from spending wealth based on their choice. This would infringe upon the rights of individuals. It is clear that patterned society would not be able to maintain itself alongside liberty. As citizens are free to use their resources and wealth as they see fit in such a state, people with talent, or skills that are in greater demand, like Wilt Chamberlain’s talent in basketball, will be able to increase their wealth through their talent. An automatic transfer of wealth will occur towards these individuals with skills that are in demand, and thus causing the disturbance in the initial distribution. In order to restore the distribution, the government will have to redistribute the wealth which would violate the basic rights of self-ownership since wealth acquired through valid means, like Will Chamberlain’s money, would be taken away without compensation. Thus, it is impossible to redistribute wealth without infringing on the liberties which means that a liberty would necessarily upset a patterned state. Rawls and Nozick In his book, A Theory of Justice, Rawls argues for a patterned distributive justice with the belief that not knowing one’s own position in society would lead everyone to be concerned for equality. Thus, we should always be concerned about the least fortunate because we might be the least fortunate ones. This argument draws its support from the assumption that people as a whole are under veil of ignorance regarding their place in society. Based on this he presents two principles of justice, the Liberty principle and the Difference principle stated below. (Brown) 1. â€Å"Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others. † (Rawls 51) 2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both a. to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society (the difference principle) b. ffices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity (Rawls 303) In contrast for Nozick arguments are based on the self-ownership principle, according to which, the people who produce a thing have absolute right over it, as in â€Å"things come into the world already attached to people having entitlements over them† (Nozick 160). They have the right to do as they choose with their property. Based on this, Nozick derives the entitlement theory, which states 1. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in acquisition is entitled to that holding- Theory of Acquisition. . A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding- Theory of Transfer. 3. No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2- Theory of Rectification. (Nozick 151) Thus Nozick would oppose Rawls’ view that it is just to redistribute wealth as long as it benefits the least fortunate is society because the owners would not be reaping all the benefits of their labor, if some of it was taken away for the less fortunate group (Cohen Lecture 6). Rawls argument against Nozick would rest on the grounds that ownership comes about due to external influences based on social position, and can result in total lack of property among a certain group of people. Thus, without any property, they would be unable to maintain themselves and thus taxation of the wealthy to support the unfortunate is justified. Furthermore, Rawls would argue that in Nozick’s case, rights seem to have sprung forth without having principles of justice in place, and thus are invalid since Rawls views society as a system of cooperation between individuals for mutual advantage (Lacewing). Thus in Rawls’ view, people will only have rights to a part of the share based on the principles of justice in place. Does liberty really upset pattern? It is my belief that Nozick’s claim that â€Å"liberty upsets pattern† is valid. To support this claim, I rely on the fact that as long as people have the liberty to spend their resources to their whims, it is impossible to maintain the systemized pattern that will ensure distribution based on the current system. To demonstrate this claim, we consider a system where wealth is distributed equally among all its individuals. We also maintain that every individual is granted liberty, which ensures that there is no external interference that keeps people from doing as they wish with their wealth. Now, in such a society we suppose that two individuals living close together combine their wealth and build a facility to race their remote controlled (RC) cars right next to their houses, because they are RC fanatics and would get enjoyment out of this center. Attracted by the facility, many people get into the RC hobby and want to use the facility that was built. Since, the first two individuals spend their own wealth building this facility, they decide to charge other people for the use of their facility. Attracted by the growing numbers, more and more individuals get into the hobby, and start using the facility to demonstrate and race their RC cars. Now, since these individuals have the right to do as they wish with their wealth and are willing to pay for the use of the facility, they individuals who built the facility start running a net profit offsetting the cost of building and maintaining the facility. Because of this the wealth distribution shifts towards the builders of the facility. With enough profits, they decide to opt for another facility. However, since the wealth distribution is no longer equal, the system must interfere in order to redistribute the wealth to equal terms. This interference reduces the rights of the builders, since they are no longer able to build a second facility, which was through their own wealth. Thus, a very simple case demonstrates that maintaining a pattern will require constant interference, and reduction of liberty. To further illustrate the fact that pattern and liberty are incompatible, we can consider any two individuals living in this society. It is natural to assume that these individuals will have different taste, and different view on what to do with their resources or available wealth. If we consider any system, that distributes wealth based on certain systemized values and then add liberty to the equation, the system will no longer hold valid. Introducing liberty basically alters the system by adding a free element, which is outside the established pattern. Thus the pattern will collapse unless checks are placed on liberty. A direct analogy can be made to the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, where it is impossible to control a system without interfering with the system. If the pattern were equal distribution, it would be unsettled by something as simple as the choice of the first individual to save his wealth while the second individual spends his wealth on some form of entertainment. Other liberties like gambling, choices in luxury items to own, varying hobbies, and varying needs will all lead to an imbalance in the distribution. Furthermore, individuals will have the ability to sell their talents to those who would be willing to pay. These are all sources that necessarily exist with liberty and will just as surely upset any established pattern. The sole fact that people have the liberty to transfer wealth would mean that transfer of wealth will occur autonomously. This will cause the pattern to collapse upon itself unless an external force is applied to restore the balance. In order to restore and maintain the distribution, the governing entity will have to redistribute the wealth according to the pattern or take away people’s rights to spend as they wish. Both of these choices infringe upon the self-ownership rights of an individual, and thus are invalid. As long as people are free to use their resources as they wish, it is impossible to expect that a certain pattern be maintained. Thus, liberty invariably upsets any established pattern. Regulate Liberty or reject pattern? Since the above examples demonstrated that it is impossible to maintain liberty without â€Å"upsetting† the pattern, the natural course of argument is to question whether regulating liberty or rejecting pattern is the right choice. It is my belief that protecting individual liberties takes precedence over establishing a pattern, as long as every individual is provided with sustainable necessities of life. Basically, there are grounds to establish patterns to ensure a sustainable and progressive society, as long as the interference is minimal. First, I shall argue that an established pattern is detrimental to society as a whole. Let’s consider a patterned principle where wealth is distributed according to the effort that a person puts into his work. In paper such a system sounds fair and just, where the effort one puts in is rewarded by an equal amount of wealth. In this system, we consider two individuals working on the same task. Now, let us consider that because of factors like intelligence, skill, and other external influences the first individual finishes the task in an hour while the second takes 10 hours to finish the task. In such a system, the second individual is rewarded more because it took him more effort to accomplish the task that the first individual. As such the more productive member of the society, the first individual, is punished for his superior ability. It is clear that such a system would stifle progress, since people like individual A would lack the incentive to utilize their full capacity. So, it can be clearly seen that the requirement of maintaining the pattern will be detrimental to the progress of society. Let’s go even further and ignore this flaw by assuming that every individual is matched with the task that utilizes his skill in a manner that ensures equal amounts of effort. So, everyone is putting in equal effort towards their task. For such a system, a pattern of wealth distributed by effort seems to have no flaws. However, since people are free to do with their wealth as they please, some may decide to transfer their wealth to another individual because he provides entertainment that does not exist elsewhere, or another individual who comes up with a product that everyone desires. This transfer of wealth does not require one to perform a task of equal effort, but simply one that has higher demand than the other. The inherent flaw lies in the fact that certain skills are more valued than others even if they require less effort. This can be seen in an example where an individual creates a product of high value, very useful to society, through very little effort. Would this individual not be entitled to the transferred wealth, even if he put such little effort in it? Now suppose, we take away the transferred wealth to maintain the pattern, very soon there will be no incentive to innovate since there are no rewards for success. In this manner, society would become stagnant. An argument for regulation of liberty arises from the fact that allowing people to redistribute their wealth as they please, would lead to the emergence of an elite class whose skills are more in demand. Because of this demand, the distribution of wealth would shift towards the elites. This concentration of wealth and resources would give a group of individuals more power than the rest of society leading to an establishment of a polarized, unequal society with a uneven distribution of wealth. Historical evidence suggests that, without any regulation it is very often that rich become richer and the poor become poorer. In these terms, if the conditions of the poor reach below a certain threshold, (let’s call it sustainability threshold) society suffers because the environment for these individuals is no longer conducive for them being productive members of society. Their contribution will be limited by their need for providing basic necessities for existence. In this manner, the overall productivity of society will be lowered. Thus it is necessary to establish some pattern of redistribution of wealth to ensure that every individual has the basic necessities to sustain themselves, in order to create a most productive society. Final comments In regards to setting the levels for sustainability is something beyond the scope of this essay, and perhaps beyond the scope of society as a whole. My personal belief is that this threshold wavers based on external factors, but maintains an overall upwards trend. Finally, though Philosophers like Rawls and Nozick seem to have justified a system that works, I do not yet see reconciliation between Liberty and Equality within any of these principles. Perhaps the search is as elusive as the unifying theory of physics, but mostly insignificant in the daily workings of life. Word count: 3117 Works Cited Arnold, Scott. Nozick. n. d. 2010 June . Brown, Lachlan. The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 October 2003. June 2010 . Feser, Edward. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. 4 May 2005. June 2010 . Lacewing, Michael. Rawls and Nozick of Justice. n. d. June 2010 . Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974. Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Belknap, 1971.

Shock Art essays

Shock Art essays How has art that has shocked, influenced the views of the public and the art establishment, through the centuries? Art which has shocked has always been a controversial topic, because it commands a response, whether the spectator be affected with shock, daze, or surprise, this as a result has influenced the views of society through the ages. I have chosen to study the above subject matter as it is a topic in which I have experienced in my life time already and therefore is a topic I can broach, analyse and be influenced by. Many of the artists that I have chosen to analysis were outcasts amongst peers, whilst some were and are icons of their own movements; however whatever their status many of them were met with controversy as their ideas were seen as distasteful and disagreeable by the public, rather than radical and inspirational. I intend to analyse the work of artists who have shocked throughout the timeline, from when social barriers were high and restricting in the period of Fauvism and Picasso, pending through the centuries finishing with modern artists today and the relative freedom which they now express. The aim is to find conclusive evidence to firstly answer the title of the investigation, and secondly to understand the true concept of shock, how it is created, the motives behind its creation and what factors influence the artist. So from the Fauvists to Jake and Dinos Chapman I welcome you to follow the long line of trend makers who have rocked the art establishment over the centuries. ...

Why did Scott J suggest that search orders had a draconian and Essay

Why did Scott J suggest that search orders had a draconian and essentially unfair nature Columbia Picture Industries Inc - Essay Example The order was executed at the same time with the police search warrant. The court rules unanimously that the action was not a to contravention human rights laws. However, Scott argues that search orders represent a â€Å"draconian and essentially unfair nature†. The doctrine of Anton Piller is one of the most controversial of laws regarding underlying search and entry. Of particular interests is to understand the premises that inform Scott’s stand. Unraveling the â€Å"draconian and essentially unfair nature† of the Search order In labeling the search order as â€Å"draconian and essentially unfair nature†, one would not miss the point in inferring that Scott felt the orders were far from being justified. Thus, in seeking the premise in which Scott’s stand rests, the question of how unjustified the order was is imperative. Indeed, such a question leads to various sound arguments against the search orders. In particular, it can be inferred that searc h orders, in all their forms, are generally draconian owing to their nature of lacking adherence to the laws and statutes that protect human rights. Additionally, the Piller principle and other associated principles, such as ex parte, also go against the laws of equitable remedies.... As such, the court may make utilize injunctions, which creates that allowance for inspection of property and conducting searches. Another term is interim injunction. An interim injunction is an order from the court prohibiting a person in a civil suit from doing or compelling to do something and this is in order to maintain the status quo. Indeed, the premises for the ruling may be considered as those consistent with those in the Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd3, wherein it was upheld that the court has the powers to injunct a person from meddling with what is deemed evidence in order to maintain the status quo prior to the issue going to trial. It cannot be disputed that the goals of the provisions are well set. However, they can barely dispel one crucial question ­ --- what is then the place of fundamental human rights? Whereas it could be inferred that the court decision was began as a noble means of ensuring justice through interim injunctions, it mutated to beco me a tool for the abuse of human rights due to most of the order being issued ex parte4. An order issued ex parte is a breach to the stipulations that underlie the bill of rights. Here, Anton Piller law is deemed to be one of the most Draconian of laws since it creates the allowance to acknowledge that the right to privacy, one of the fundamental rights, was breached. The debate on the human rights aspect of the law is however two fold since its contravention of one seems to promote the observance of the other. Article eight of the human rights convention asserts that everyone has the right to respect to his private and family life5. As clearly set in Chapter 8 of the convention, every person is entitled to

New Technology that Could Substantially Improve the Output of the Essay

New Technology that Could Substantially Improve the Output of the Bio-Fuels - Essay Example While, solar energy seems to be new, but it is also being in utilization for many years for drying food products and heating water. Biofuel is such type of fuel that can be attained from living organisms. In this way, the energy stored and wasted by the living organisms can be utilized to attain energy. Living organisms both store and waste energy, like the tree and plants store energy in their stems that can be burnt to extract energy, in the similar way, mammals, birds and other animals can provide undigested food that could be utilized to extract energy by going through a certain process. The energy in the undigested food waste can be extracted in two ways; first methods is to dry the undigested food waste and then burn it to extract energy content of the waste and the second method is to biodegrade the waste and then capture the biogas evolved in the process. This paper assembles the different technologies that can enhance the output of the bio-fuels (Emma, np). Different types o f bio-fuels have to be processed differently and thus a different biofuel is obtained. The different types of bio-fuels that involve technology are biodiesel, bio-ethanol and biogas. Bio-ethanol is attained after the fermentation of such foods and food products that have a higher content of sugar, like sugar cane, corn, switch grass, etc. However, any biotic oil could have the potential to become biodiesel by undergoing a simple process that involve first heating and filtering the oil, then treating the oil with the methanol and then washing and drying (Blair, np). Washing and drying may utilize different chemicals like hydroxides, etc. Biogas is extracted through the bio-digest plant that digests the waste food or animal waste utilizing certain type of microorganisms and bacteria to eat up the wastes and generate biogas. Biogas is mostly methane gas; however, some content of sulphur oxides are also present in the gas. The important factor of the bio-digest plant is that the waster from the plant can be utilized as the fertilizers. The plant could be as small as to support a small house or could be as big as to supply fuel for a bigger power generation unit. The advances in all the bio-fuels technologies change the perspective of inputs to the fuel generation plant. For example, for a biogas generation system animal waste is the primary component, however, the technology made a possibility to utilizing any bio waste to generate bio gas. In the similar way, corn starch is the primary components of the bio-ethanol generation system but advancement in the technology made it possible to extract the ethanol from other food sources like switch grass and other plant waste. The advance technology enhanced the possibility of the bio-fuels to be utilized in a more appropriate manner and have major other application, like bio-aviation fuel, high efficiency bio-fuels, etc. The advanced bio-fuels may utilize food and bio wastes, agricultural residue, forestry residue (wood y biomass, etc), crops and non-food feed stocks. The major issue is to increase the sustainability of the bio-fuels and second generation bio-fuels generation are more sustainable as compared to the first generation bio-fuels. However, the product form the second generation

Practical research assignment report outline Literature review

Practical research assignment report outline - Literature review Example Today there are more than 10 million possums in Northland alone (Northland Regional Council, 2014). The population has increased mostly owing to the non-existence of any natural predators of this pest. Studies have been done to understand the impact of possum infestation and fecal analysis of the pests has shown evidence of bird predation especially native forest birds. Possums are a major threat to local birds such as the kokako and kukupa (Landcare Research, 2014). Possums are also a major threat to the vegetation of New Zealand. It is estimated that possums feed on almost 21,000 tons of vegetation every single day (Landcare Research, 2014). Stoats are members of the Mustelid family which also includes weasels and ferrets. By 1880, New Zealand, had already suffered problems from harmful pests such as rabbits and hares. Stoats were imported from Britain and introduced in New Zealand as biological control for rabbits. Today, stoats are widespread in most parts of New Zealand and have themselves become mammalian pests. They are extremely adaptable to any living conditions where they may find food (Dept. Of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai, 2014). Stoats are a major concern since they are a natural predator of several native birds of New Zealand such as the bush canary (yellow head) and kaka. They not only destroy the nests of the birds but also feed on their eggs and nestlings. This has led to sharp decline in the population of these forest birds. In New Zealand three kinds of rats- the common rat, Pacific rat and kiore rat have been introduced. Kiore rats were introduced by the Maori as source of food. However today, rats pose a major threat to the biodiversity of New Zealand since they feed on birds, bird eggs and other small invertebrates such as lizards. Use of chemicals to manage pests has been proved to be efficient. In 2011, an efficient and humane toxicant Para-aminopropiophenone was introduced. This

Tim Berners Lee: The Inventor Of The Internet

Tim Berners Lee: The Inventor Of The Internet Many people have had a significant impact on the world of mass media that radically changed how the world communicates information. One example of someone who has done just that would be Tim Berners-Lee, who is best known for his innovation: The World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee has impacted the world of mass media in several ways. First, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. Second, since the World Wide Web was invented, it has radically changed the way that the people communicate. Third, the internet has revolutionized how the press gets information to the people. Finally, while the Internet has its advantages, it has had alot more than its share of controversy. First, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. The story behind the invention of the internet is an interesting one. It all began around 1980 while Tim Berners-Lee was working as a software engineer at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Geneva, Switzerland; also known as CERN. He wanted to figure out a new way to organize his notes in a brain-like way, but while improving upon the abilities of that occasionally memory-constrained organ and came up with a new way of doing it building a software program called Enquire (TIME). Using the ideas that he used to build Enquire and other ideas that were current at the time, he created another way of finding files on his computer: by creating a type of hypertext notebook that allows the text in a document to be linked to other files on the computer. He then thought about accessing materials on other computers. He then thought about opening his computer to not only his coworkers at CERN, but to the scientific community everyw here. By using this type of networking scheme by connecting individual computers together on a network, it would mean no centralized system. This would mean that the new network would have no trouble with scalability, which means that it could grow to infinity. Tim Berners-Lee then built a coding system that was easy to learn and use to build web pages. It is called HyperText Mark-up Language, also well known as HTML. It has become the most wildly used language that web developers or even normal people use to create web pages and sites. He then created e new set of protocols that allowed these HTML documents to be connected across the Internet called HyperText Transfer Protocol, also well known as HTTP. Soon after that, Tim Berners-Lee wrote the code for the first web browser, which allowed users around the world to access web pages on the internet. Once the World Wide Web debuted in 1991, the world of mass media changed forever as it brought order and clarity to the chaos that was cyberspace. The World Wide Web (the information-sharing model built for the internet that is the way accessing and sharing information on the internet) and Internet (the massive network of computers) experienced growth at exponential rates (The Difference). At one point, the number of internet users was doubling every 53 days (TIME). Clearly, Tim Berners-Lees inventions made a huge impact on the mass media industry. Second, since the World Wide Web was invented, it has radically changed the way that the people communicate. Since the Internet was first brought online, many social networking sites have radically changed how people, businesses and organizations communicate. One of those websites is Facebook. With Facebook, anyone could create a profile on the site and not only post their thoughts on their wall for friends to see and comment on, but also use instant messaging to talk to friends in real-time and even share photos and videos between friends or even everyone on Facebook. Facebook has evolved the way that people communicate in several ways. One example is how easy it is for anyone to click the Add Friend and reconnect with old friends. Another example is how the sheer number of people using Facebook affects the mass media, numbering in the hundreds of millions, possibly soon to be in the billions. Because of how many people use Facebook, the chances are good that anyone wanting to find old friends would find them on Facebook. Businesses who want to advertize would use Facebook because their ads would reach a very large amount of people. Organizations who create community pages or groups for a specific cause could also speak to a very large amount of people. Another great example is how Facebook is real time and very easy to update. Since Facebook is real time, people could keep their profiles current from anywhere with just seconds of work at a time, even from mobile devices such as cell phones. This also allows people to share events as they happen within seconds (Welcome)(NEWS). Clearly, Tim Berners-Lees invention allowed the social networking sites to form and they evolved the way that people communicate. The global nature of the Internet and the World Wide Web only helps to let sites like this expand on a huge scale. Third, the internet has revolutionized how the press gets information to the people. For hundreds of years, the newspaper has been the best known and well used source of information on current events. However, in recent years, its popularity has declined. Nowadays, 61% of citizens in the western world get their news from the Internet, compared to 17% who get their news from the newspaper. This could be for several reasons. One reason would be that people could access up-to-minute news on the internet at any time from any location if they want to because of the nature of the internet and the evolution of mobile devices that have the capability to access it. There is no need to go to a newsstand or store to buy a newspaper to read news that might be out of date. Another reason is that publishing a story on the internet is also much easier and less expensive than publishing it on printed media. Internet news could also have photos and video supporting the text on a new agencys website. Another reason would also be that the news is available to many more people due to the worldwide nature of the internet (What are)(Newspapers). Another mainstream format that the internet is quickly replacing would be television. Internet television and streaming video are supplying news in about the same format as television with full motion video. Internet video is also easier to set up and less expensive to put a video online or watch it (Internet). Clearly, Tim Berners-Lees inventions revolutionized how the press gets information to the people. Finally, while the Internet has its advantages, it has had alot more than its share of controversy. Since Tim Berners-Lee invented the internet, it has caused many controversies in the world. One key example of a significant issue in many countries that the internet has provided is the use of censorship to filter obscene materials and the worldwide nature of the network. Some countries, such as China have responded with a strict internet censorship scheme that regulates what types of content the people may read or write. In fact, the censorship scheme has been given the nickname The Great Firewall of China in popular culture because it blocks thousands of websites that the Chinese government feels are a threat to the country and society. It also affects the ability of the press to report current events freely and without restriction. This was especially a huge issue during the Beijing Olympics, where there were many foreign journalists on site. Another key issue that the internet has caused is the issue of privacy. One major breach of privacy that involves the internet would be Google Street View. Google Street View is part of Google Maps and it allows anyone to view an area as if they were standing on a street. Google uses specially modified vehicles with cameras that take pictures in every direction as the car drives along. These pictures are then uploaded to Google Maps and allow users to use them in addition to maps to look at an area. This has caused major privacy problems because there are several occasions when the vehicle takes photos of people on private property that do not wish to be photographed for various reasons. While Google does offer users the option of reporting individual images to request their removal from the web, that that would be after the fact and the image could have be saved by anyone prior to removal (15 Biggest). Clearly, Tim Berners-Lee has made a significant impact on the world of mass media because while his inventions created many advantages to how media is delivered to the people, it also creates massive controversies in the process. Tim Berners-Lee has had a significant impact on the world of mass media that radically changed how the world communicates information. His innovations that caused these changes are the World Wide Web and the Internet. Tim Berners-Lee has impacted the world of mass media in several ways. First, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. Second, since the World Wide Web was invented, it has radically changed the way that the people communicate. Third, the internet has revolutionized how the press gets information to the people. Finally, while the World Wide Web and the Internet has its advantages, it has had alot more than its share of controversy. Clearly, Tim Berners-Lee has impacted the world of mass media in many ways, positive and negative. Gaucher’s Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatments Gaucher’s Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatments New Treatment Plans Give Hope to Patients with Gaucher’s Disease Katherine Van: Gaucher’s disease occurs within individuals because they lack the enzyme glucocerebrosidase in the body, which is responsible for breaking down fatty substances called glucocerebroside. Consequently, large amounts of fatty substances are able to build up and stay in the liver, spleen, lungs, bone marrow and brain because of the damaged and lack of glucocerebrosidase. Hence, the disease is also called glucocerebrosidase deficiency. Any age group can be diagnosed with this disease, but studies show that there is a higher percentage of the disease in Eastern and Central European Jewish people.     Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many types of Gaucher’s disease. The first form is called non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease because it does not target and damage the central nervous system. The symptoms are: Thinning of bones Extreme bone pain and bone fractures Enlarged liver Enlarged spleen Low amounts of healthy red blood cells Excessive fatigue Vulnerability to bruising Low amounts of blood platelets Yellow spots in the eyes Regular nosebleeds The second type of Gaucher’s disease is neuronopathic and it can be life-threatening because it damages the central nervous system. Babies after three months of birth can be diagnosed with this form of Gaucher’s disease. Its symptoms are similar to the non-neuronopathic form, but it also includes: Brain problems, including dementia Severe inflexibility Seizures The last form of Gaucher’s disease is called perinatal lethal and it is the most severe type. In fact, most infants with perinatal lethal die after a few days of birth. The symptoms listed below: Extensive swelling due to fluid accumulation Dry and scaly skin Serious neurological problems Gaucher’s disease develops as a result of mutations in the GBA gene. The GBA gene is responsible for making glucocerebrosidase enzymes, which simplifies glucocerebroside molecules into sugars and smaller fat molecules. However, mutations in the GBA gene impact the ability of the enzymes to function properly. Consequently, the large amounts of fatty substances cause organ failure. Patients can be diagnosed with Gaucher’s disease because of an inheritance pattern called autosomal recessive. The parents must be carriers of a Gauchers genetic mutation in order for the children to have Gaucher’s disease. Nevertheless, there is only a 25 percent chance that their child will be diagnosed with the disease. In order to identify and track the progression of Gaucher’s disease within patients, a series of diagnosis and tests are used. Enzyme analysis uses blood tests to identify a patient’s levels of glucocerebrosidase. If Gaucher’s disease was active in the patient, there are low levels of glucocerebrosidase in the blood. On the other hand, carriers have enzyme levels between the affected and unaffected people who are not carriers. Another test is called the genetic mutation analysis and it tries to find mutations in the genes associate with Gauchers disease. However, not all of the genetic mutations involved in Gauchers disease have been identified; thus this test is used to help classify which type of Gauchers disease patients have. In order to measure the progression of the disease, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be used. DXA uses low energy X-rays to measure bone density, while MRI uses magnetic fields and rad io waves to create images of organs. MRI can show organ enlargement, such as the spleen or liver. In addition, doctors perform prenatal testing in pregnant women that are carriers of Gaucher’s disease to test if Gauchers disease is active in the fetus. Doctors will analyze the amniotic fluid or tissues from the placenta to complete the prenatal testing. Gauchers disease cannot be cured; it is only controlled or managed. The type of treatment given to patients varies depending on the type and severity of Gaucher’s disease and condition of patients. One treatment given is the enzyme replacement therapy, where replacement enzymes in liquid substances are injected into the veins of patients every two-weeks. This type of treatment is effective within individuals with non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease. Nevertheless, people may regularly experience an allergic reaction to the enzyme treatment. Another treatment method available is the bone-marrow transplantation. This is a surgical procedure that is used for severe cases of Gauchers disease, where damaged blood-forming cells are removed and replaced. However, this medical treatment is not as common as the enzyme replacement therapy because it has more threats and hazards. Lastly, medication can also be used to manage Gaucher’s disease. The oral medication miglustat ( Zavesca) is an effective drug that minimizes the build-up of the fatty substances in non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease. Nevertheless, the medication can cause side effects in the digestive system, such as diarrhea and, weight loss. Furthermore, the drug can also interfere with sperm production. In ladies, birth control is advised while using miglustat and for three months after they stop using the drug. In December 2001, Genzyme, a Sanofi Company completed a study to compare the effectiveness of a drug, Cerezyme, in two different dosage amounts in their patients with Gaucher’s disease. Both males and females ages 18 and older were eligible for study. Nevertheless, only patients with type 1, non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease were allowed to participate. There were multiple research centers that participated in the lab, including eighteen in the United States, one in Canada, six in Europe, and one in Brazil. During the study, 90 participants were randomized and placed into two groups. The first group of people received their monthly dose of Cerezyme in two infusions; one infusion per two weeks (Q2). The second group of individuals received their monthly dosage in one infusion every month (Q4). The progression of the effects of the drug on the Gaucher’s disease was monitored by measuring the hemoglobin values and platelet count of patients. Magnetic resonance ima ging and computer tomography were also used to explore any improvements in the patient’s liver and spleen conditions. Moreover, researchers tried to identify if the change in dosage reduced the symptoms of patients, such as fatigue, vulnerability to bruising and yellow spots in the eyes. Genzyme believed that patients who received one infusion every 2 weeks would show a more positive reaction towards their non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease because there was a longer period of time in between the monthly dosage sessions of Q4. Hence, this could cause a deficiency of all the replaced glucocerebrosidase at the end of the month. Conversely, Q2 would be more stabilized because the enzyme glucocerebroside would be replaced every two weeks. In theory, by the end of each month, only half of the enzyme glucocerebroside would be deficient. Similarly, the findings of the lab, displayed in table one, showed that 80.8% of the participants of Q2 Cerezyme showed clinical success, whereas there was only 63.2% of clinical success within individuals using Q4 Cerezyme. Hence, Q2 was a better drug frequency in terms of safety and efficacy. Q2 Cerezyme Q4 Cerezyme Number of Participants Analyzed 26 57 Number of participants with Clinical Success 21 36 Proportion of participants with Clinical Success 80.8% 63.2% Table 1: Number of Participants with Clinical Success after the Completion of the Clinical Trial The chart above portrays the number of participants that showed improvements in their Gaucher’s disease in comparison to their condition before the clinical trial. For example, some participants noticed a reduction of symptoms, such as extreme tiredness, bruising, yellow spots in the eyes, and nosebleeds. As well, there were some improvements in hemoglobin values, platelet count, and liver and spleen conditions. A similar lab was conducted to test the efficacy of two dosage amounts in an enzyme replacement therapy on February 1, 2007. The global specialty biopharmaceutical company, Shire, wanted to test VPRIV, a hydrolytic lysosomal glucocerebrosidase-specific enzyme, that was used in long-term enzyme replacement therapy for patients with type 1 Gaucher’s disease. The controlled variable of the study were the 45 and 60 U/kg dosages of VPRIV, also known as velaglucerase alfa (GA-GCB), given to patients with type one Gaucher’s disease. Shire also used random trials to divide the participants into two groups that received the dosage every other week. Nevertheless, one group received 45 U/kg and the other group received 60 U/kg of VPRIV. Ages two and older of both genders were allowed to participate in the study. The duration of treatment for each patient was 12 months, where the first patient enrolled into the study on January 11, 2007, and the last patient participated in the res earch project on April 8, 2008. The progression of the effects of the drug on Gaucher’s disease was monitored by measuring the hemoglobin values and platelet count of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging and computer tomography were also used to explore any improvements of the patient’s liver and spleen conditions. Shire believed that 60 U/kg of VPRIV was a better treatment towards the non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease, assuming that VPRIV was safe and efficient, because there were more artificial enzymes. The data collected in table two supported their hypothesis as the average change of baseline of Gaucher’s disease was better in the twelve participants that used 60 U/kg of VPRIV every other week. A baseline is the initial amount of a substance where the final amount is compared to. A baseline is also referred to as the reference point. The chart supports Shire’s hypothesis as the spleen and liver volumes of VPRIV 45 U/kg patients decreased and hemoglobin and platelet concentrations increased towards a more normalized size or amount. Nevertheless, the research is still continuing and the data released is not fully up to date. VPRIV 45 U/kg, Every Other Week VPRIV 60 U/kg, Every Other Week Number of Participants Analyzed 13 12 Average Change of Baseline of Spleen Volume (units: Percent body weight) -1.87 -1.92 Average Change of Baseline of Liver Volume (units: Percent body weight) -0.30 -0.84 Average Change of Baseline of Hemoglobin Concentration (units: g/dL) 2.429 2.438 Average Change of Baseline of Platelet Counts (units: x10^9/L) 40.92 50.88 Table 2: Change of Baseline of Gaucher’s Disease in Participants After 12 Month Treatment The chart above portrays the average change of baseline of spleen volume, liver volume, hemoglobin concentration and platelet counts for two groups of patients; those who received 45 U/kg of VPRIV, and other who received 60 U/kg of VPRIV every other week. Negative values indicate a decrease in size, whereas positive values indicate an increase in size. The data was collected by using magnetic resonance imaging and analyzing participates’ blood tests. Overall, studies continue to occur in order to find more effective treatments for individuals suffering from Gaucher’s disease. The severity of this disease may vary from patients, but in general, the disease is very harmful as it can lead to deaths in young age groups. Gaucher’s disease attacks important organs in the body, such as the liver, spinal cord, heart and brain, and prevents the organs from functioning properly. Nevertheless, the disease only occurs due to genetics and the positive research projects conducted on Gaucher’s disease will continue to bring hope in humans. References http://www.convertunits.com/info/dl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/childhood-cancer-information/supportive-care/symptom-and-side-effect-management/low-platelet-count/?region=nu http://www.lilly.com/products/patient-safety/providers-role/Pages/adverse-event.aspx http://www.drugs.com/monograph/cerezyme.html http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gauchers-disease/basics/coping-support/con-20031396 http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/gaucher-disease http://www.shirecanada.com/en/default.aspx http://www.vpriv.com/about-vpriv/ http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00430625?term=gaucher+diseaserank=13sect=X012 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00364858?term=Gaucher%27s+Diseaserank=3

The Unexpected Journey Essay -- Literary Analysis, The Hobbit

I. Subject The Hobbit is a novel about the adventures of a hobbit as he embarks on an unexpected adventure. The story begins by describing a humble hobbit-hole located in a world filled with magic and where mysterious creatures flourished. The home belonged to the hobbit, Bilbo Baggins. Bilbo, the protagonist of the story, lived a simple, happy life and wouldn’t want to change a thing. He dreaded anything unexpected; when a wizard named Gandalf came looking for someone to go on an adventure, Bilbo tried all he could to avoid joining. Unfortunately for him he found himself traveling with thirteen dwarfs and a wizard on a quest to take back their stolen treasure from a fierce dragon. Near the beginning of their journey, Bilbo was quite vulnerable to the dangers and was frequently rescued by the others. As he progressed through the quest, he went on his own little adventures which helped him become braver and wiser. He found the One Ring of Power which made him invisible; it served a great use for the dwarfs and especially Bilbo from when they were endangered. Gandalf had to leave the party halfway through the quest and the dwarfs feared that they wouldn’t go far without him, but Bilbo was a great help to the dwarfs as they progressed through their journey. He gained respect from the others because of his courageous feats of heroism. The group finally reached the dragon’s lair on a mountain known as the Misty Mountains. They had successfully regained the treasures, but rumors of the dead dragon’s treasure attracted creatures from all over the lands to head towards the mountain. This led to a war known as the Battle of Five Armies where the dwarfs, elves, and humans fought against the goblins and Wargs. Bilbo did not participate... ...es place in a nonexistent and unreal world or concerns incredible and unreal characters†¦ or may be employed merely for whimsical delight, or it may be the medium for serious comment on reality† (Harmon 192). The Hobbit takes place in an imaginary world with events, items, and characters that are fictional, but there are things that a person can relate in reality. Bilbo is a hobbit which is obviously a fictional creature, but, however, has realistic traits that a person in reality could also have. A sub-genre for this novel is a psychological novel. â€Å"[It] usually [emphasize] on interior characterization and on the motives, circumstances, and internal action that spring from, and develop, external action† (382). Bilbo grows physically and as well as mentally throughout his adventure. Tolkien focuses on Bilbo’s journey of maturation and how he changes at the end.

To Kill a Mockingbird: The Scottsboro Boys Trail

1. The Scottsboro Trials are about when 9 black young men were arrested for assault and later raping two white women on a train coming from Paint Rock, Alabama. Later the court found all nine guilty and they were sentenced to death. A few years later the public found out that the white women were lying but only one of the men were retried and that one man was sentenced to life in prison for not doing anything. It affected America by showing how the court system was segregation in the 1930’s. 2. My feelings about the Scottsboro trials are all negative. I think this is unjust and unreasonable punishment for the nine black men. They didn’t do anything wrong and the court took the word of two white women which isn’t right. This whole trial was based on lies and racism. 3. The authorities in the Scottsboro trial were totally wrong. They based their accusations on segregation. If it was white men raping white women they would’ve been let off after learning that the women were lying. 4. The authorities obviously based the accusations on racism. Like I said if It were white men raping those women they would’ve let them go. 5. The decision to sentence all the men effected how America viewed black people. It made the ordeal of segregation a bigger situation than it already was. 6. At the end of the trial all were tried and sentenced to either death or life in prison. Later one was released by 1989 the last of the Scottsboro boys died. 7. Starting in the 1880’s the Jim Crow laws were enforced. They were what gave segregation its name. It prevented the races from doing anything together. . The Jim Crow Laws were enacted because of racial disagreement. All the Southern states wanted to limit the freedom of newly freed slaves. 9. The Jim Crow Laws had a selfish purpose. They were created to enforce segregation in schools, transportation, hotels and many more places in the south. 10. The Jim Crow Laws are so ridiculously unconstitutional. They limit colored peoples rights and give the whites everything. 11. The cause of The Great Depression was mostly caused by Black Tuesday also known as the day the stock market crashed. Other reasons consister od the banks failing, people couldn’t purchase across the border, the American economic policy with Europe, and the big drought which caused the dust bowl and made farmers fail. 12. Well the newly elected President Roosevelt did kind of pacts. Help give people jobs and improve the economy. That is what the government did to help the Great Depression heal. 13. Well the Great Depression made it twice as hard for southern blacks. Since they had just got out of slavery they were poor as it is. Most of them still trying to find jobs when the stock market crashed most white owned businesses wouldn’t hire blacks and most of the rest of the businesses weren’t hiring making it impossible to get a job and earn money for there familys. 14. Sharecropping was kind of a rip-off in my opinion. The newly freed slaves would take care of part of a white persons land for a share of the profit. 15. Separate but equal was about keeping the colors apart in two separate â€Å"communities† but giving them equal treatment.

Deconstructing 50 Cents The Massacre CD cover Essays

Deconstructing 50 Cents The Massacre CD cover Essays Deconstructing 50 Cents The Massacre CD cover Essay Deconstructing 50 Cents The Massacre CD cover Essay Selling over twenty million records worldwide, 50 Cent (Curtis Jackson) is no small identity when it comes to the music industry. He is definitely aimed at the urban audience with his rap/hip hop genre. 50 Cent lived through a life of crime in the harsh neighbourhoods of America, he states that his life revolved around sacrifice, redemption and determination.  The most striking area of the cover is 50 Cents athletic build. This is a reflection of the rap stereotypes in society today; he seems to be a modern day replica of previous rappers such as 2 Pac. This appeals to both sides of his target audience, girls and boys ages 14-19 years old. The artistic scribbles signify him being not whole or perfect. This roughness is an image adopted by the majority of rappers as none of them want to be associated with conformity. Rappers try to signify they have had a troubled background, the scribbles and his physique contrast the old and new 50 Cent. The Parental Advisory label reinforces the hard image along with his physicality. It makes the younger purchaser feel rebellious at the prospect of buying a product which will rebel against normal parental constraints. As an industry/business, the label is in keeping with the majority of rap CDs who also endorse this label.  The 50 Cent lettering shows use of graphology, the letters signify wealth as they are in gold. The gold colour stands out well against the white, blue and black, therefore very eye catching for the consumer. The Massacre is presented in graffiti lettering, this is a trait of lower class activity; an image 50 Cent is trying to convey. He is representing that he is from the streets and not alienating himself from his past life but incorporating it into his new life. The phrase is shocking signifying death and murder; this morbid title provides 50 Cent with the image he wants. This is his preferred reading for the youth audience however the oppositional reading could be that he is passing on ideas for troubled youths to commit crime; a life he has left behind. The elaborate design and 50 Cents ethnic background contrasts with the harsh culture associated with rap. The white design makes the cover effeminate; appealing to the female audience. In Advertising white is symbolic for innocence and so this idea is in keeping with the feminine use of the colour in addition to the design. The guns behind the pattern enforce a large male fan base, making the cover more aesthetically pleasing and reinforce the violence of rap which cements 50 Cents hard image. The ethnic pattern is reinforcing his African American culture. The pattern is a wealthy design and so enforces the financial richness of modern rap. His jewellery, in this case the most obvious being his crucifix, signifies not only wealth buy innocence and purity; contrasting well with his criminal background. Christianity is a part of black culture and so the cross being central on both his body and cover suggests Christianity is central to his life. In addition he is showing his wealth as it is a piece of diamond jewellery. His clothing cross promotes his own clothing line and other artists in his music organisation, this branding and its association with the music entices the consumer to both identify the brand and simultaneously want to buy it; this method could be surmised as product placement. The cap and jeans are general items which are targeted at his audience show he is cool, they arent expensive items but as they are a part of his own clothing line therefore showing his wealth.  The fact he wears and supports his own brand suggests he believes in it. If his audience buy his clothing they will feel like they have something in common with 50 Cent. This is important as it establishes a vital link between artist and fan.  50 Cents image, from Rags to riches inspires young people in society today to purchase his music. I believe he has both a positive and negative representation for African American people. (He is both a popular and negative ambassador for African American music) On the positive side he is stating that it is possible for people of an African American origin to become successful in all areas of life. The negative affect however is he is stating that black people tend to be into violence and general crime which in reality is not the case, this is a stereotype he is trying to enforce. The representation of 50 Cent is phenomenal on this album cover, with sharp and concise imagery supporting this.

Everlasting Importance of Myths in the Lives of Mortals.

Everlasting Importance of Myths in the Lives of Mortals. Inside every person burns the curiosity of where they come from and how they come to exist on the earth. Myths explore insights of human questions and gather many possible answers. From the way of living to the investigation of a society's roots, stories, such as The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Greek Creation Myth, subsist for all to enjoy. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, the hero searches for immorality by taking on a series of conflicts to prove himself. The Greek Creation Story explains the assembly of the world, human beings, and evils faced in daily life. Myths present an importance to every person, giving them a sense of where they come from and explanation to their questions of life.Everlasting Importance of Myths in the Lives of MortalsInside every person burns the curiosity of where they come from and how they come to exist on the earth.EnkiduMyths explore insights of human questions and gather many possible answers. From the way of living to the investigation of a society's roots, stories, such as The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Greek Creation Myth, subsist for all to enjoy. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, the hero searches for immorality by taking on a series of conflicts to prove himself. The Greek Creation Story explains the assembly of the world, human beings, and evils faced in daily life. Myths present an importance to every person, giving them a sense of where they come from and explanation to their questions of life.Gilgamesh, two-third god and one-third man, uses his majestic power to dictate his people in The Epic of Gilgamesh. To overthrow this unruly tyrant, the gods create Enkidu to equal him in strength. Ultimately the two quickly cease their conflicts and confirm their friendship...

Research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Proposal Example The success stories of certain well-known multinational companies in China (facilitating growth in the nation) would serve as empirical evidences, whereby appropriate recommendations for the purpose of the desired research can be formulated (Bigler, 2001). The nations in the contemporary world always seek ways to experience growth in the long run. In early years, several economies had substantially progressed with the essence of capitalistic principles in business world, which primarily focused on various managerial methods that could help to enhance trade and commerce. However, since globalization, the degree of market competition has significantly increased in most of the nations. Without strategic management tools, companies in the current era will not be able to experience high level of business internationalization. This proves rationality of the dissertation as the primary focus is on the most required skills of strategic entrepreneurship in business, which if implemented, would surely enable companies to expand their businesses across the world. The important determinants that would help to better the open innovation, strategic assets and resource seeking activities in a firm would also be analyzed in the context of the paper. The worth of the paper is enhanced with incorporation of relevant case studies of certain multinational companies in China that empirically focus on the concerned research themes. Thus, information and analysis provided in the dissertation would help any modern corporation to successfully expand its business across the domestic boundaries. The entire research work would be accomplished on the basis of qualitative analysis. It is highly rational to utilize this method of research analysis as it is a highly flexible, superior and dynamic research approach. Unlike the case of quantitative research, qualitative research comprises a wider scope and scale of research work. The entire research

Article critics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article critics - Essay Example mization to receive 40 infusion of 500ml chelation solution or a placebo 40 infusion to an oral vitamin and chelation solution or oral placebo (Research Grant, 2012). Researchers found that patients receiving the chelation solution had fewer serious cardiovascular events than the control group 26% vs. 30%, and the trail was conducted in 134 sites in the United States and Canada from 2002-2012. However the article fails to report that there was high drop out in the placebo group than in the chelation. They were getting a placebo and the side effects of it. The Chelation group was significantly different in life outcomes measured with the assessment, as opposed to the Placebo group. According to the cnn analysis, the four percentage point difference between was â€Å"barley statistically significant†. The difference may have been by chance not because chelation actually works or they necessarily have bad side effects. The high dropout contributed to less accuracy in the study. It is less

Human resource career field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resource career field - Research Paper Example Hence, a HR generalist has to perform daily tasks such as keeping track of the various activities in the HR department as well as monthly reporting and annual or semi-annual participation in the appraisals and other tasks. The dimensions of the HR generalist job that interest me are to do with the sense of being in charge of the HR function and the ringside view that the job offers in terms of participating in the recruitment, training and performance evaluation of the employees. The most exciting thing about the HR generalist job is that one can get involved with the various activities of the HR function and get a chance to apply some of the theoretical knowledge gained during the education and also get a chance to hone one’s skills by practising the art of HR management. The dimension of the HR generalist’s job that does not interest me is the rather generic nature of the job when compared to the specialist role that has a more direct and deep involvement. The nature of the HR generalist job is such that it requires the person to be knowledgeable about the various activities that are typically performed during the conduct of the job. Hence, I would be interested in playing the role of an observer cum evaluator that is part of the HR generalist’s job. Further, what interests me about the HR generalist’s role is that the job entails hands on involvement for certain aspects and an indirect involvement for other aspects. The functions of recruitment and performance evaluation are some of the functions that I perform well. The functions that I need additional training are the training and development function. The recruitment and training functions interest me a lot and I am confident that I can perform well in these functions. I have a natural affinity towards recruitment and performance evaluation activities since I have devoted considerable time towards learning the appropriate theory in